PSYC 1311 Introduction to psychology Instructor : Dr. Neva Alexander EMOTION & MOTIVATION PSYC 1311 Introduction to psychology Instructor : Dr. Neva Alexander 7/11/12 presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619

OUTLINE 9.1 What Do Our Emotions Do For Us? 9.2 Where Do Our Emotions Come From? 9.3 How Much Control Do We Have Over Emotions? 9.4 Motivation: What Makes Us Act as We Do? 9.5 How Are Achievement Hunger, and Sex Alike? Different? presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Four intersecting components of emotions presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

9.1 WHAT DO OUR EMOTIONS DO FOR US ? Core Concept: emotions help us to attend and respond to important situations and to convey our intentions to others. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

THE EVOLUTION OF EMOTONS Emotions serve as arousal states that signal important events, such as a threat or the presence of a receptive mate. They become etched in memory, to help the organism recognize such situations quickly when they recur, and our ability to connect emotional memories to new situations, for example winning lottery or an A on a term paper. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Our emotions are either positive or negative They also involve a tendency for approach or avoidance Approach Avoidance Delight and joy Fear and disgust Generally positive Generally negative Make person, objective or situation attractive Make person, objective or situation avoided or reject presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

COUNTING THE EMOTIONS presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

CULTURAL UNIVERSAL IN EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION Huge differences exist across cultures in both the context and intensity of emotional displays because of what they call Display Rules. For example : Asian cultures children are taught to control emotional response, especially negative one American children are encouraged to express their feelings more openly. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

People everywhere can recognize at least seven basic emotions: Sadness, Fear, Anger, Disgust Contempt, Happiness, and Surprise. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

9.2 WHERE DO OUR EMOTIONS COME FROM Core Concept: the discovery of two distinct brain pathways for emotional arousal had clarified how emotion works and has suggested solutions to long-standing issues in the psychology of emotion. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

The Neuroscience of Emotion Two distinct emotion processing systems Emotions in the unconscious Conscious emotional processing *Quick response to cues before consciousness *Slower generation of emotion *Brain circuitry that operates automatically *Relies on cerebral cortex e.g.: fright response an unexpected loud e.g.: the fear that grows in your noise. mind when you anticipate giving a speech. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

The interaction of conscious and unconscious emotions : This process may produce the feelings that call “intuition” The conscious emotional system can signal fear to the unconscious circuits, which might produce the knot in your stomach just before giving a speech presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

The biological mechanisms at work behind our emotions: The limbic system’s role in emotion. Evolved as control system for behaviors used in attack, defense, and retreat. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

The biological mechanisms at work behind our emotions: The limbic system’s role in emotion. The cerebral cortex’s role in emotion. Help us make decisions by attaching emotional values to alternative choices we face, Such as: do I want chocolate or strawberry? presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

The biological mechanisms at work behind our emotions: The limbic system’s role in emotion. The cerebral cortex’s role in emotion. The autonomic nervous system’s role in emotion. Controls the internal organs, along with many signs of emotional arousal. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

The biological mechanisms at work behind our emotions: The limbic system’s role in emotion. The cerebral cortex’s role in emotion. The autonomic nervous system’s role in emotion. The hormone’s role in emotion. The most important hormones for our emotions are : Serotonin: associated with feelings of depression. Epinephrine: hormone produced for fear. Norepinephrine: abundant in anger. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Psychological Theories of Emotion: Resolving Some Old Issues presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Do Our Physical Responses Produce Our Emotions? In the early days of Psychology William James taught that our physical responses underlie our emotions e.g.: when we saw a bear, the normal action we be panic and run. What William James said “ you would not run because you afraid, but you feel afraid because you run” But the scientists Walter Cannon & Philip Bard objected what James Said, because they taught that our physical response and our emotions are occur together. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

What’s the role of Cognition in Emotion? You can make yourself emotional just by thinking. The more you think about the dire consequences of failing a test, the more the anxiety builds. E.g.: most of the actors think of their experience in life to produce the emotion they want. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Physical Theories in Emotions : James theory: the proposal that an emotion provoking stimulus produces a physical response that in turn produces an emotion An emotional feeling and an internal physiological response occur at the same time, one is not the cause of the other, both are result of a cognitive appraisal of the situation. Emotion results from the cognitive appraisal of both (1) physical arousal and (2) emotion provoking stimulus Canon-Bard theory: Two-factor theory: presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Can We Separate Cognition and Emotion? Some theories have argued that emotion and cognition are separate and independent brain processes (Carroll Izard). Others said that cognition and emotion have an intimate connection (Richard Lazarus) Both sides have part of the truth (LeDoux) The emotion and cognition are separate ( in the unconscious emotion system ). The emotion and cognition are connected ( in the conscious emotion pathways ). presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS Arousal, Performance, and the Inverted U Inverted “U” function – Describes the relationship between arousal and performance; both low and high levels of arousal produce lower performance than does a moderate level of arousal Performance Low High Arousal Level presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Sensation seekers – Individuals who have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than do other people presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

9.3 HOW MUCH CONTROL DO WE HAVE OVER OUR EMOTIONS? Core Concept Although emotional responses are not always consciously regulated, we can learn to control them. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Developing Emotional Intelligence Four components of emotional intelligence: Perceiving emotions. Using emotions. Understanding emotions. Managing emotions. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

The Predictive Power of Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence: The ability to understand and control emotional response. Those with high emotional intelligence are not only tuned in to their own emotions and those of others, but they can manage their negative feelings and curtail inappropriate expression of their impulses. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Detecting deception Deception Cues: Situations in which help in deception detecting: Longer pauses in speech Constrained movement/gesturing Speech errors Nervous gestures Rhythmic body movements Reduced blinking Less smiling presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS Controlling Anger Anger Management Therapy: Relaxation training. Cognitive therapy. Skill development. Learning to express anger safely. Identifying the underlying source of one’s anger. Letting go of unrealistic goals that feed the anger. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

9.4 MOTIVATIONS: WHAT MAKES US ACT AS WE DO ? Motivation refers to all the processes involved in initiating, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities. Motivation takes many forms, but all involve mental processes that arouse us and then select and direct our behavior. Core Concept presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

How Psychologists use the Concept of Motivation? Connect observable behavior to internal state. Accounts for variability in behavior. Explains perseverance despite adversity. Relate biology to behavior. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Biology instigated motivation. Types of Motivation Drive. Biology instigated motivation. e.g.: thirst and hunger presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Types of Motivation Drive. Motive. Internal mechanism that directs behavior (often used to describe motivations that are learned, rather that biologically based) e.g.: eating and drinking. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Types of Motivation Drive. Motive. Intrinsic motivation. Desire to engage in an activity for its own sake e.g.: cycling and playing the guitar. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Types of Motivation Drive. Motive. Intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation. Desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence. e.g.: rewards and punishment. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Types of Motivation Drive. Motive. Intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation. Conscious motivation. A motive of which one is aware. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Types of Motivation Drive. Motive. Intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation. Conscious motivation. Unconscious motivation. A motive of which one is consciously unaware. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Theories of Motivation Instinct theory The now-outmoded view that certain behaviors are completely determined by innate factors. e.g.: bird migration. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Theories of Motivation Instinct theory Drive theory It explains motivation as a process in which a biological need produces a drive, a state of tension or energy that moves an organism to meet the need. e.g.: hunger, thirst. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Theories of Motivation Instinct theory Drive theory Cognitive theory and locus of control Human behavior is motivated by our cognitions and expectations Our beliefs about our ability to control the events in our lives e.g.: internal vs. external locus of control. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Theories of Motivation Instinct theory Drive theory Cognitive theory and locus of control Freud’s psychodynamic theory. Motivation comes from the depths of the unconscious mind. Id: contains two basic desires Eros Thanatos Both thought of as instincts Developmental approach-motives change from childhood to adulthood e.g.: sex, aggression . presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Theories of Motivation Instinct theory Drive theory Cognitive theory and locus of control Freud’s psychodynamic theory. Maslow’s humanistic theory. Motives result from needs, which occur in a priority order (a needs hierarchy) presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Maslow’s Humanistic theory: Hierarchy of needs: The notion that needs occur in priority order, with the biological needs as the most basic. There are six classes of needs listed in priority order. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

The Unexpected Effect of Rewards on Motivation Overjustification: occur when extrinsic rewards for doing something enjoyable take the intrinsic fun out of the activity. e.g. that a child will not enjoy video games as much if he were paid for playing. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

9.5 HOW ARE ACHIEEMENT, HUNGER, AND SEX ALIKE? DIFFERENT? Core Concept: No single theory accounts for all forms of motivation, because each motive involves its own mix of biological, mental, behavioral, and social/cultural influences presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Achievement Motivation Measuring the Need for Achievement: Need for achievement (n Ach): a mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or to teach some goal. people can satisfy their need for achievement in two main ways: Mastery Performanse . presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Achievement Motivation Organizational Psychology: Putting Achievement Motivation in Perspective: There are three distinct motivational patterns based on people’s needs: Need for affiliation. Need for power. Need for achievement. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Achievement Motivation A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Achievement: Individualism: View that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction. e.g. United state, Canada, and Britain. Collectivism: View that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction. e.g. Asia, Africa, and Middle East. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Hunger Motivation The Multiple-System Approach to Hunger: Biological Factors Affecting Hunger and Eating. Brain mechanism controlling hunger. Set point mechanism. Sensor in the stomach. Reward system preferences. Exercise. Psychological Factors Affecting Hunger and Eating. Emotional state. Stress and depression Learning. Culture. In U.S social norms among teenage promote thinness presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Hunger Motivation Eating disorders: Obesity and Weight Control: Anorexia lack of appetite, when person weighs less than 85% of the desirable weight and still worries about being fat Bulimia the sufferer overeats and then attempts to loss weight either by vomiting or fasting. Obesity and Weight Control: Poor Diet junk food Lack of exercise Running a sleep debt presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Sexual Motivation The scientific study of sexuality: Gender Similarities and the Physiology of Sex: Based on William Masters and Virginia Johnson observation, there are four phases of human sexual responding : Excitement phase. Plateau phase. Orgasm phase. Resolution phase presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Sexual Motivation The scientific study of sexuality: How Do Men and Women Differ in Their Sexuality: Men show more interest in sex then do women. Sex is more likely to be linked with aggression for males than for females. Women are more likely than men to view sex in the context of committed relationship. Women’s sexuality has greater “Plasticity”. presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Sexual Motivation Sexual Cues: Sexual Script: For example: touch, sound or smell. Sexual Script: Socially learned ways of responding in sexual situation. The What and Why of Sexual Orientation. One’s erotic attraction toward the same sex (homosexual). One’s erotic attraction toward the opposite sex (heterosexual). People who view themselves as persons of the sex opposite to their biological sex (transsexual) presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12

Thanks for listening Any Questions ? presented by Eman Almatrood ID#201102619 7/11/12