Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 10 Blood Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 10

Book Work Give the percentage and parts of blood. What determines the color of blood? Why/When does it change colors? What is plasma? What is albumin? Define erythrocyte, anucleate, hemoglobin, biconcave Define anemia and sickle cell anemia Define leukocytes, leukocytosis, leukopenia, leukemia

Book Work Describe each Granulocytes Agranulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes

Book Work Define hematopoiesis, hemocytoblast, erythropoietin How long do RBC stay in the blood? How long does it take to develop new RBC? What are the 3 stages of hemostasis? Tell one main event that occurs during each stage. Define thrombus, embolus, thrombocytopenia, hemophilia Define antigen, phlebotomy, Rh blood groups

Book Work Page 345-346 Multiple Choice # 1-11 Page 346 Short Answer Essay #1, 2, 5, 8, 13 Page 346 At the Clinic #5

Blood Opaque Metallic taste Connective tissue Only fluid tissue in the body 8% of body weight Adult male has 5-6 liters or 6 quarts Slightly warmer than body temperature

Blood Erythrocytes White Blood Cells (WBC) & Platelets Plasma Red Blood Cells (RBC) 45% of blood White Blood Cells (WBC) & Platelets <1% of blood Plasma 55% of blood

Plasma Made up of approximately 90% water. Dissolved nutrients Albumin (plasma protein) contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood Distributes blood throughout the body

Erythrocytes Red Blood Cells Oxygen transport & returns CO2 to lungs Anucleate – lack a nucleus Hemoglobin iron bearing protein transport bulk of oxygen Biconcave Polycythemia Increase in number of erythrocytes Impairs circulation

Anemia Anemia- decrease in the ability to carry oxygen Sickle cell anemia Malaria belt in Africa See table on p332 for more examples

Leukocyctes White Blood Cells Body defense against disease Leukocytosis Increase in WBC Bacterial of viral infection Leukopenia Abnormally low WBC count Leukemia Excessive WBC Immature WBC, incapable of carrying out protection

WBC groups Granulocytes Agranulocytes Neutrophils – multi-lobed nucleus; active phagocytes that increase rapidly during acute infection Eosinophils – increase during allergy attacks and kills parasitic worms Basophils – rare; contains histamine Agranulocytes Lymphocytes – form T cells and B cells; produces antibodies Monocytes – active phagocytes that become macrophages; long term “clean-up team”

Platelets Fragments of megakaryocytes Used in the blood clotting process

Hematopoiesis – Blood Cell Formation Occurs in red bone marrow Each type of blood cell is produced in different numbers depending on stimuli Once mature, blood cells are discharged into the blood vessels Adults: Flat bones of the skull, pelvis, ribs, and sternum Proximal epiphyses (ends) of the humerus and femur

Hematopoiesis – Blood Cell Formation Stem Cell – hemocytoblast Found in the red bone marrow Gives rise to all of the formed elements

Hematopoiesis – Blood Cell Formation Red Blood Cells Anucleate Can’t synthesize proteins, grow, or divide Last 100-120 days Remains are eliminated by phagocytes 3-5 days for a hemocytoblast to develop into a mature RBC Erythropoietin Hormone that controls RBC production Produced mainly by the kidneys Increased release when oxygen levels are low Created in kidney and some in liver

Hematopoiesis – Blood Cell Formation White Blood Cells and Platelets Production stimulated by hormones Interleukins for white blood cells Thrombopoietin for platelets Released in response to specific chemical signals in the environment

Hemostasis – Blood Clotting A series of reactions set into motion when a blood vessel wall breaks Fast and localized reaction; 3-6 minutes Calcium is essential for blood clotting Liver is responsible for synthesis of clotting factors Three Stages: Platelet plug formation Vascular spasms Coagulation

Hemostasis – Blood Clotting Stage 1: Platelet Plug Forms Platelets become “sticky” and cling to the damaged site Platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets Platelet plug = a small mass of platelets

Hemostasis – Blood Clotting Stage 2: Vascular Spasms Occur Anchored platelets release serotonin – causes blood vessel spasms Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss

Hemostasis – Blood Clotting Stage 3: Coagulation Events Occur (Blood Clotting) Injured tissues release tissue factor PF3, interacts with TF and other clotting factors to form an activator that triggers the clotting cascade Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin in the plasma to thrombin, an enzyme Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into fibrin, which forms the basis of the clot Within an hour, the clot begins to retract, pulling the edges of the blood vessel close together

Hemostasis Imbalance Thrombus – a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken vessel. Coronary thrombosis – clot that forms in vessel in heart Embolus – clot free floating in the bloodstream Thromboctopenia – too few circulating platelets Hemophilia – several hereditary bleeding disorders Bleeding disorders often result from a lack of vitamin K

Transfusions The body can compensate for some blood loss. 15-30% can lead to weakness; over 30% can be fatal Donated blood is taken & mixed with anticoagulant. It can be stored for about 35 days.

Human Blood Groups Antigen – genetically determined proteins; stimulates immune system to release antibodies Antibodies – present in plasma Agglutination – process of binding antibodies to antigen causing RBC to clump ABO blood groups Rh blood groups – most Americans are Rh+ Problems can occur in Rh- women carrying Rh+ babies (see page 341)

The ABO Blood Group Blood Group Frequency U.S. RBC antigens Plasma Antibodies Blood that can be received White Black Asian AB 4% 5% A, B None A, B, AB, O B 11% 20% 27% Anti-A B, O A 40% 28% Anti-B A, O O 45% 49% Anti-A , Anti-B See page 341 image.

Careers Phlebotomist - person trained to draw blood from a patient for clinical or medical testing, transfusions, donations, or research. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlGrALgtmr8 My Job: Phlebotomist https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/life-sciences/blood-sciences Explore careers in blood

Crash Course Videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQWlcSp9Sls&index=29&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOAKed_MxxWBNaPno5h3Zs8 Blood, Part 1 - True Blood: Crash Course A&P #29 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-XoM2144tk&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOAKed_MxxWBNaPno5h3Zs8&index=30 Blood, Part 2 - There Will Be Blood: Crash Course A&P #30