Blood Flow & Blood Types Ch. 10b

Challenge Problem 1. Make sure you have a note packet from the front tray if you didn’t get one Fri 2. Go to the computer cart, check your number, and get that computer 3. log in 4. go to this site http://tinyurl.com/goo4dwc 5. DO NOT PROCEED WITH GAME YET! ***Meet in rm D-421 on Wednesday because of PSAT***

In Review… Blood is a fluid _________ tissue Blood is composed of _______ & _______ _______ Plasma contains water and many dissolved chemicals Formed elements include __________, __________, and _________

Challenge Problem- circle the correct word Blood cells are made from __________ bone marrow Stem cells called hemocytoblasts Red Blood Cell formation is initiated by ___________ produced by the kidneys. These hormones are produced in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. Negative Feedback controls this process

So, we know that blood flows through our blood vessels in our bodies…but what happens when a blood vessel breaks?

Hemostasis Stoppage of blood flow Happens when there is a break in a blood vessel involves three phases Platelet plug formation Vascular spasms Coagulation Slide 10.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Platelet Plug Formation Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug Slide 10.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

What do you notice about the concentration of erythrocytes and other things?

Vascular Spasms Anchored platelets release serotonin Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles to spasm Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss Slide 10.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Coagulation Injured tissues release thromboplastin PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade Slide 10.21a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Coagulation Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like fibrin Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot) Slide 10.21b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blood Clotting Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes The clot remains as endothelium regenerates The clot is broken down after tissue repair Slide 10.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Quick Quiz What is Hemostasis? What are the three steps to Hemostasis?

Does blood ever clot when there is not tissue damage?

Undesirable Clotting Thrombus Embolus A clot in an unbroken blood vessel (stops blood flow) Can be deadly in areas like the heart Embolus A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain Slide 10.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

What about when blood cannot clot?

Bleeding Disorders Thrombocytopenia Hemophilia Platelet deficiency Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting Hemophilia Hereditary bleeding disorder Normal clotting factors are missing Slide 10.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

So, what happens to a person that has a cut and can’t stop bleeding?

Blood Groups and Transfusions Large losses of blood have serious consequences Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly Transfused blood must be of the same blood group Slide 10.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

I heard that people can have different blood types…what does that mean?

Listen for familiar words

Human Blood Groups Blood contains genetically determined proteins A foreign protein (antigen) may be attacked by the immune system Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination) Slide 10.26a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Challenge Problem 1. Identify all the people a person with AB+ blood can get a transfusion from. 2. To whom can a person with B- blood give blood to? 3. If there was an accident and a person was Rh+ who can give them blood? 4. Identify the different parts of blood. 5. Which part of our blood protects us from infection?

Ernie’s Exit Take 1 minute to review your results and write a plausible story (conclusion) Trade papers with someone at your group When reading, is their conclusion backed up by evidence? Who did it? How do you know?

Human Blood Groups There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens Slide 10.26b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ABO Blood Groups Based on the presence or absence of two antigens on red blood cells Type A antigens Type B antigens Slide 10.27a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ABO Blood Groups Blood Type AB The presence of both A and B antigens Does not have any antibodies for ABO blood antigens Can accept blood from any ABO blood type Can only give blood to Type AB recipients Slide 10.27b

ABO Blood Groups Blood Type A The presence A antigens only Has Anti-B antibodies Can accept blood from A or O type donors Blood Type B The presence of B antigens only Has Anti-A antibodies Can accept blood from B or O type donors Slide 10.27b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ABO Blood Groups Blood Type O The absence of both A & B antigens Has BOTH Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies Can only accept blood from O type donors Can give blood to all blood types Slide 10.27b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ABO Blood Groups Problems occur when you mix blood with different AB antigens http://www.givelife2.org/aboutblood/bloodtypes.asp

Rh Blood Groups Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) Most Americans are Rh+ Meaning that they DO have one of the Rh antigens Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood Slide 10.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Rh Blood Groups Rh + people Rh - people Have Rh antigen Do not have any Rh antibodies Can receive blood from Rh + or Rh - donors Rh - people Do not have any Rh antigens DO have Rh antibodies Can only receive blood from Rh- donors

Blood Typing Game http://tinyurl.com/goo4dwc Get 1 computer per pair Go to the website above You are a Registered Nurse who needs to provide life-saving care to someone in need of blood.

After playing the game, see if you can fill this chart out on your notes somewhere

Rh Dangers During Pregnancy Danger is only when the mother is Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor Slide 10.29a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Rh Dangers During Pregnancy The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn) Slide 10.29b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Whew! That’s a lot of information…how do we determine blood type anyway?

Blood Typing When blood is mixed with an antibody for its antigens, it will clot: Type A blood mixed with Anti-A antibodies = clotting Give Type A blood to a Type B person (who has anti-A antibodies), their blood will clot and they will die

Blood Typing Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner Cross matching – testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa Slide 10.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Quick Quiz When a person with Rh + blood is tested in Anti-Rh serum, will there be clotting? Why or why not? When a person with Type A blood is tested in Anti A serum, will there be clotting? Why or why not? How about it Anti B serum, will there be clotting? Why or why not?