Warm up Describe two things the Europeans brought from the “Old World” to the “New World” (America) Describe two things that the “New World” gave to the “Old World” (Europe)

Spanish Empire Grows!!!

Spanish Empire Grows!!! Columbus returned w/ stories of the natives Easy to convert to Christianity Easy to enslave!

Given ownership but people there already… Aztecs in Mexico …and the Inca in South America

Spanish Empire Grows!!! Spain sends Conquistadors – Spanish explorers / conquerors Sent to bring home riches and slaves

Hernan Cortes Took 11 ships & 600 men into Mexico Captured Montezuma – Aztec king Destroyed Tenochtitlan – Aztec capitol

Aztec Civilization

Agriculture Corn beans Peppers squash Cocoa sweet potatoes No beasts of burden – but..turkeys Chinampas were floating gardens built on swamps.

Francisco Pizarro Landed in Panama w/ 180 men Moved South into Peru Destroyed Incan Empire Captured Atahualpa – King of Incas, and killed him after ransom was paid!

Francisco Coronado Explored into North America Went as far north as Kansas & Oklahoma

Hernando de Soto Was w/ Pizarro in Peru Explored North America Started in Florida, went north into Georgia & Tennessee Discovered the Mississippi River & went south to Louisiana

Recap What are they looking for? Wealth, spices, new sea routes, people to convert to Christians, & undiscovered land.

Indians considered “sub-human” Forced labor systems develop

Colombian Exchange many products were carried to and from the New World like: to the New World: horses, cows, wheat, rice, & oranges from the New World: corn, potatoes, tobacco, cacao (chocolate) Europeans carried unknown diseases to the native Americans which killed millions (including Small Pox)

Potosi and Cerro Rico The Cerro Rico was literally a mountain of silver in Spanish Peru, now Bolivia Nearly 41,000 metric tons of pure silver were mined from Cerro Rico from 1556 to 1783. Indian laborers, came to die by the thousands, not simply from exposure and brutal labor, but by mercury poisoning 30,000 African slaves were taken to Potosí during the colonial era. Forced to work as acémilas humanas (human mules). Since mules would die after a couple of months pushing the mills, the colonists replaced every four mules with twenty African slaves

Spanish Silver and Pieces of Eight

What sorts of plants and animals were exchanged? What was the impact of the Columbian exchange on population around the world?

Columbian Exchange

Native Americans What sort of labor systems were developed as a result of the Columbian Exchange? What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Native Americans?

American Indian Societies Destroyed and Transformed Encomiendas Spanish Crown gave land to Spaniards who promised to pay the Crown taxes The Spaniards, extracted tributes from the Indians living on that land in form of goods, metals, money, and labor I In return they provided Indians with protection and instruction in the Christian faith Mita mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire. It was effectively a form of tribute to the Inca government, in the form of labor (community-driven projects such as the building of their extensive road network) The Spanish utilized this labor system for their own needs – forced labor in the silver mines…

Vanishing Natives Indigenous populations plummet! Forced Labor and Disease Who will do the work?

Silver Spanish silver from Potosi to Asia South America to Philippines to China Silver floods Chinese Market devaluation of currency & recession reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe UH-OH……increases interest in Chinese culture… Helps encourage Europeans in conquest and trade

Slavery Why was there such a large influx of slaves into the New World? Where did most of those slaves end up? What about “unforced” migration?

Slavery in the New World Triangular trade Set of trades between three points The most famous was sugar/rum/slaves Begins the transatlantic slave trade: African chiefs sell members of other tribes for guns & alcohol 10 –24 million Africans were brought to America 1 in 5 did not survive the journey (Called the “Middle Passage” because it was the middle leg of the triangle)