Double Helix Helix unwound Molecular Structure purine pyrimadine

DNA REPLICATION is Semi-conservative Wrong Correct One original and One new complementary strand Two original and two new complementary strand

DNA REPLICATION

DNA REPLICATION It is done with enzymes! 1. Helicase (enzyme) unwinds the DNA There are now 2 open strands that can be copied 2. RNA Primase (polymerase) bring a short, segment of complementary nucleotides to the new strand 3. Then DNA Polymerase (enzyme) brings DNA nucleotides together to complete a new DNA strand. 4. RNA short segment is removed and replaced with DNa 5. DNA Ligase (Enzyme) glues the strands of DNA to make one continuous strand.

Game DNA Replication Click here for Super challenge game

DNA IS MADE UP OF IS MADE UP OF IS MADE UP OF 2 RINGS ONE RING THERE ARE 2 THERE ARE 2

1871 Fredrick Miescher He isolated a chemical from the nuclueus of white blood cells. What did he call it? Nuclein

WALTER SUTTON 1902 “The hereditary material is carried on chromosomes”

CHROMOSOMES ARE EQUAL PARTS OF DNA & PROTEIN

1890’s SCIENTISTS LEARN THE SOMETHING ELSE IS …

DNA

FREDERICK GRIFFITH 1928

FREDERICK GRIFFITH DISCOVERED TRANSFORMATION IT WAS …? DNA BUT HE CALLED IT? TRANSFORMING FACTOR

GRIFFITH HE WORKS WITH STREP. PNEUMONIA, A BACTERIA 2 FORMS SMOOTH AND ROUGH SMOOTH HAS A PROTEIN CAPSULE THAT CAUSES PNEUMONIA ROUGH HAS NO CAPSULE AND IS NOT DEADLY

GRIFFITH 1.HE INJECTS Smooth FORM INTO A MOUSE THE MOUSE… DIES 2.HE THEN INJECTS THE Rough FORM INTO A MOUSE THE MOUSE LIVES

GRIFFITH 3.NEXT HE HEAT KILLS THE Smooth FORM HE THEN INJECTS INTO A MOUSE THE MOUSE LIVES! 4.HE TAKES “KILLED” Smooth & LIVE Rough & INJECTS THIS INTO A MOUSE CROAKS! 5.HE TAKES A BLOOD SAMPLE FROM THE DEAD MOUSE AND FINDS LIVE Smooth encapsulated FORM!

GRIFFITH HE SAYS-”SOMETHING TRANSFORMED THE Live rough FORM INTO A LIVE Smooth FORM” THIS IS SOME KIND OF “TRANSFORMING FACTOR”

AVERY, McCARTY, MacLEOD 1944 WANTED TO KNOW WHAT IS THE TRANSFORMING MATERIAL? THEY PURIFIED CHEMICALS FROM HEAT KILLED “Smooth” bacteria, TO SEE WHICH ONES WOULD TRANSFORM LIVE “Rough” bacteria INTO “Smooth”, deadly bacteria THEY DISCOVERED IT WAS DNA

AVERY, ET AL EXPERIMENT THEY TREATED SAMPLES OF HEAT KILLED “S” WITH DIFFERENT ENZYMES TO BREAK DOWN MOLECULES into rna, dna, proteins, lipids & carbs. TO SEE WHICH ONE CAUSED TRANSFORMATION “R” ONLY BECAME TRANSFORMED INTO “S”, WHEN IN THE PRESENCE OF… Smooth DNA- DID TRANSFORMATION, THEY FOUND THEIR ANSWER!

Avery et al. experiment

HERSHEY & CHASE 1952 WORKED W/BACTERIOPHAGE VIRUS THAT INFECTS ONLY BACTERIA ONLY MADE FROM DNA & PROTEIN THEY CONCLUDED THE INFECTED BACTERIA WERE TRANSFORMED BY DNA, NOT PROTEIN BUT HOW… http://nortonbooks.com/college/biology/animations/ch12a02.htm

HERSHEY & CHASE

Rosalind Franklin

Rosalind’s X-Ray of DNA

Maurice Wilkins

James Watson & Francis Crick

1953 WATSON & CRICK MAKE THE DISCOVERY THAT DNA IS A DOUBLE HELIX SHAPE THEY WIN?

NOBEL PRIZE

1962 WINNERS ARE ANNOUNCED THEY ARE WATSON, CRICK &?

MAURICE WILKINS!

ROSALIND FRANKLIN COULD NOT WIN SHE WAS DEAD!

RNA STRUCTURE The sugar is Ribose Still has 4 nitrogen bases No Thymine, Uracil instead Still has a phosphate group Single strand

AMINO ACID CODES (codons)

LET’S LOOK AT THE TRIPLET CODE DIAGRAM IN YOUR PACKET TRIPLET CODE animation http://nortonbooks.com/college/biology/animations/ch13a06.htm LET’S LOOK AT THE TRIPLET CODE DIAGRAM IN YOUR PACKET

1st STEP IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSCRIPTION DNA UNWINDS USING RNA Polymerase __________ BRINGS NITROGEN BASES THAT ARE COMPLEMENTARY TO DNA IT BRINGS SETS OF 3 Nitrogen Bases WHICH ARE CALLED _______animation WHEN THE LENGTH OF MRNA IS COMPLETE THE MRNA UNATTACHES FROM THE DNA

tRNA STRUCTURE Carries Amino Acid at the Head Anticodon is at the base to match to the mRNA codon

Ribosome with tRNA & mRNA

THE 2nd STEP IN MAKING A PROTEIN TRANSLATION 1. The completed mRNA will go to a ribosome in the cytoplasm 2. The codons of mRNA will be read by tRNA 3. tRNA will bring 1. a complementary amino acid (LEU/MET etc.) and 2. an anticodon that complements to the mRNA codon to start building a polypeptide (protein) ANTICODON A C C A A A C C G A G U

Step 2 TRANSLATION There are 3 STOP CODONS, they are UAA, UGA, UAG 4. When the tRNA reads them it will stop bringing amino acids 5. When the Protein is complete it can fold up or join with another protein. 6. it will go outside the cell to where it is needed in the body Animation Protein Synthesis Build a protein Game

Let’s label the steps!