Game Changing Hydrokinetic Energy Pioneer Valley Renewables LLC Underwater Turbines Game Changing Hydrokinetic Energy Dr. Daniel Farb, CEO Dfarb@pioneervalleyrenewables.com Confidential

Pioneer Valley Renewables Turbine The Product Our underwater turbine produces 50-300% more electricity, depending on the size, than turbines of similar blade size. Proven in Connecticut River In addition, it starts producing at lower speeds Validity of technology confirmed by US Navy Most fish friendly underwater turbine by allowing attachment of protective mesh Pioneer Valley Renewables Turbine

3 Hydrokinetic Markets 1. Tidal 2. Run of river 3. Miniature hydro (for SCADA and control devices, for example) In all cases, by lowering the water speed at which we produce usable energy, we will redraw the world map of where underwater power is available.

IP-Two Complementary Patents-Foils and Blades INNOVATION 1: FOIL SHAPES: Flow Deflection Devices and Methods for Energy Capture Machines, March 18, 2007, PCT IL2007/000348. Fundamental and original patent. Granted in US. National phase in many other areas. INNOVATION 2: BLADES: IB2009/050579, Shrouded Turbine Blade Design, 2/12/2009. Granted in US. National phase in many other areas. The combination of two innovative designs working cooperatively is powerful. The advantages are much more power per system size and making electricity at lower flow rates.

The Science Disruptive innovation based on making huge increases in cost-effectiveness by structuring the flow into the turbines based on an understanding of the basic physics. We use the science of Computational Fluid Dynamics to design the components. Since power output is related to the velocity cubed, our technique of making the velocity higher at the point that it hits the blades puts us way ahead of any competition. In a flow of water: P in watts = ½ x density x area x velocity cubed. After that, one adjusts for efficiencies.

Computer Modeling 10 Meter Blades The outside velocity of the water is 1.0 m/s. The water inside the foils is accelerated to at least 1.3. (The scale goes from low to high velocity.) This is for 10 meter blades.

Blades The blades have a unique shape that does not taper towards the end, for example. This matches the flow profile shown for the shroud effect.

Synergy of Shroud and Blades Modeling was performed for 3 blade diameters (Db) with our special shroud. When the blades are at exactly the right position, the percentage power increase (%APG) is enormous.

Power Chart vs. Competition   0.5 1.7 3.6 0.4 1.3 0.0 0.1 1.0 14 29 3.4 10 1.5 46 98 12 34 2.5 215 452 54 158 2.1 6.8 3.0 371 781 93 273 3.7 3.5 589 1,241 147 433 5.9 19 Db = 10m Db = 5m Db = 1m U (m/s) Competition Ours 2.0 110 232 27 81 1.1 4.0 880 1,852 220 647 8.8 28 The estimated power output (kilowatts) as a function of the turbine diameter (Db) and the current velocity (U) with and without our innovation. The rotor efficiency is assumed to be 35% and the gain was assumed to be independent of the current velocity and the cut in velocity is assumed to be below 0.5m/s.

Validation in Fact In Nov. 2014, we tested our prototype and a control in the canals of the Connecticut River in Holyoke, Massachusetts under the supervision of Holyoke Gas and Electric. Here are the results:

Picture of Testing

Example of ROI in a Canal Blade size 2.5 meters Diameter with shroud 3 meters Flow speed 1.5-2.0 m/s Hourly output 10 kilowatts Yearly output 87600 kilowatts Price per kilowatt hour $0.12 Income per year minus $1000 maintenance per year $9512 Cost of turbine and installation $40,000 ROI 25%

Comparison with Funnels People often ask, “Isn’t this just a funnel?” The answer is, “No.” A funnel or concentrator does not work as well, because it does not concentrate energy to the desired point, the plane of the blades. The picture below shows how making the shape more funnel-like does NOT work.

Comparison With Larger Blades Since the foils add to the diameter, would it be just as effective to enlarge the blade diameter? No Here are calculated results for a 10 meter blade in 1 meter/second water: 14 kw competition 29 kw ours 18 kw by competition enlarging the blades

Comparison with Dams Positive for dams: They operate with all available water with high efficiency turbines Positive for run of river: 1. They don’t lose energy by stopping the water 2. More ecologically friendly but they do require more units to extract the energy 3. Less disruptive and less costly infrastructure with no flooded areas. Return on investment may be better.

12/8/2017 Team Bios 1 CEO – Dr. Daniel Farb – Founder and patent owner with 30 patents in renewable energy, with awards for technologies Director Computer Modeling -Prof. Moshe Rosenfeld – Department of Fluid Mechanics – Tel-Aviv University. Author of hundreds of articles. Consultant to NASA. Guest professor at Caltech. TBD, COO- Clean tech and political leader based in Western Massachusetts with an expertise in organizational management, strategic design, government relations, and communications Joe Giffune, Director of Manufacturing – Precision manufacturing and engineering professional in Western Mass. who also has degrees in Mechanical Engineering and an MBA. Leviathan Energy - June 2008 - Confidential

Team Bios 2 TBD, CFO – Experienced banker and CFO of a renewable energy company in Long Island. Anurag Purwar, Mechanical Engineer- Professor at Stony Brook University Ed Day, Grant Writer - Experienced project manager, also an engineer Akshay Jadhav – Masters in Mechanical Engineering Amish Thaker – PhD in Engineering Simulation

The Company Technology developed in Israel and US. Company relocated to beautiful Connecticut River Valley in Western Massachusetts, with numerous universities in the Innovation Corridor and high-tech manufacturing facilities. A technology pioneer for the Pioneer Valley in the Leviathan Energy group.