LESSON ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What effect did enlightenment philosophers have on government and society?

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION SPARKED ENLIGHTENMENT OR THE AGE OF REASON

THOMAS HOBBES AND JON LOCKE Views on Human Nature and Government. Hobbes- writes Leviathon people need government to control them. Social Contract- give up freedom for orderly society. Best idea: Absolute Monarchy

John Locke Locke- Two Treatises of Government. People have natural rights: life, liberty and property. Government’s job to protect those rights. Gov. has an obligation to people. If it fails its obligation to protect then can be overthrown.

The Philosophes Advocate Reason Beliefs of the Philosophes The philosophes-French social critics mid-1700s. Value: reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty.

Voltaire Combats Intolerance Voltaire—influential philosophe, pen name of François Marie Arouet Tolerance, reason ideas Makes powerful enemies imprisoned twice for his views

“Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities.”

Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers Montesquieu—French Britain’s government system. Favors separation of powers to keep one body from running government.

Rousseau: Champion of Freedom- Rousseau—favors individual freedom, direct democracy. Views social contract-agreement by free people to form government. “Our greatest evil flows from ourselves.”

Rene Descartes Philosopher and Mathematician Father of Modern Philosophy and developer of Analytical Geometry -Mind controls body but body can control mind- Dualism. Wrote Meditations- discard all belief in things not absolutely certain, then tries to establish what can be known for sure.

Cogito ergo sum “I think therefore I am.”-Concerning existence “Dreaming provides preliminary evidence that the senses we trust to distinguish reality from illusion should not be fully trusted, and therefore any state that is dependent on our senses should at the very least be carefully examined and rigorously tested to determine whether it is in fact reality.” - dream argument

FOUR VIEWS OF MAN READING WITH TEACHER

Role of the Philosophes The philosophes not activists, inspire major revolutions. Belief in Progress Scientific breakthroughs show human capacity to improve society.

Knowledge of world leads people to question religious ideas. A More Secular Outlook Knowledge of world leads people to question religious ideas. Voltaire and others criticize beliefs and practices of Christianity.

Importance of the Individual People place more emphasis on individual rights, abilities

Italian philosopher Cesare Beccaria works to reform justice system Calls for speedy trials, greater rights for criminal defendants

Views on Women’s Education Change Many Enlightenment thinkers take traditional views of women’s role Prominent writer Mary Wollstonecraft urges greater rights for women: -argues women need quality education to be virtuous and useful -urges women to go into traditionally male professions like politics Some wealthy women use their status to spread Enlightenment ideas

ADAM SMITH 1776 writes …Wealth of Nations about how nations gain wealth. First to really look at the economics of countries. Pushed Laissez Faire idea.

Laissez faire- “leave us be Laissez faire- “leave us be.” The idea that business should be only protected from theft and aggression. Business function no Gov. interference. Idea: complete free market-no regulation economy.

ENLIGHTENMENT SPREADS Ideas spread through the salons of Paris. Novels develop during this time. Develop a Neoclassical style of art. Some monarchs embrace these new ideas:

Enlightened Despots- retained control changed things to benefit people as long as it didn’t hurt power. Ideas spawn revolutions and changes that last to today.

Frederick the Great 1712-1786 FREDRICK Frederick II, king of Prussia, reforms education and justice system Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture, fails to end serfdom

Joseph II of Austria allows freedoms of worship and press abolishes serfdom, practice reinstated after his death.

Catherine the Great Catherine the Great —enlightened ruler of Russia, 1762–1796 Abolish capital punishment and torture, but effort fails Responds to peasant revolt giving nobles more power over serfs

Changes in Music and Literature SECTION 3 New Artistic Styles Changes in Music and Literature • Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than earlier style - led by composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven • Novel emerges; works of fiction with detailed plots and characters • Samuel Richardson’s Pamela considered first true English novel NEXT

Beethoven's 5th Symphony – YouTube Ten most beautiful songs of all time

Neoclassical Style of Art Emerges Pre-Enlightenment art style is baroque—grand, ornate design Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on Greek/Roman themes

NEOCLASSICAL BAROQUE

NEOCLASSICAL BAROQUE

LESSON ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What effect did enlightenment philosophers have on government and society?