Higher Chemistry The Discovery of Titanium NEW LEARNING Grouping elements by bonding and structure – focus on Titanium Grouping compounds by bonding and structure. Periodic trends REVISION Elements are the simplest substances and consist of one type of atom. They are arranged in the Periodic table in increasing atomic number.

Starter Task S3 Revision

Starter Task S3 Revision

Starter Task S3 Revision

Lesson 1: The Periodic Table Today we will learn to Identify groups in the Periodic Table and predict properties based on elements’ position. We will do this by Revising the groups and periods of the table and investigating trends. We will have succeeded if We can predict physical/chemical properties of an element from its position.

Titanium and the Periodic Table Due to its reactivity with oxygen and other non metals, resulting in very stable compounds, it was not until 1825 that even impure titanium metal was produced by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius. As chemists gained a better understanding of extraction methods and separation techniques so even more elements were discovered, but there was as yet no method of classifying them.

The Periodic Table On March 6th 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, published his Periodic Table of the Elements. In the years that followed his ideas were modified and new elements were discovered until we arrived at the modern Periodic Table. The Periodic Table is arranged in rows or periods with elements of increasing atomic number placed in columns or groups depending upon their number of outer electrons and reactivity.

The Periodic Table

Development of the Periodic Table Quick revision Element – simplest substance. Only one type of atom. Cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. Compound – two or more elements chemically joined together. Development of the Periodic Table The periodic table was invented by Dimitri Mendeleev (1869). He arranged elements in order of increasing atomic mass, and noted that their properties were periodic in nature, e.g. Melting point, boiling point and density. Those elements with similar properties were placed below one another in groups and gaps were left for unknown elements. The modern periodic table is based on an elements atomic number, and this removed a number of the anomalies in the original version.

The Periodic Table Copy and complete the following table about the properties of the groups:

The Periodic Table Using your data book, copy and complete the following table about some properties of titanium and how it compares to other important metals. Metal Melting Point K Density Relative Strength Titanium   900 Aluminium 483 Iron (steel) 531 Copper 220

Trends in Physical Properties of the Elements Melting points and boiling points Melting points and boiling points depend on the strength of forces which exist between the particles which make up a substance. Melting points and boiling points show periodic properties. This means that they vary in a regular way or pattern depending on their position in the Periodic Table.

Trends in melting and boiling points can also be seen in groups. Melting points and boiling points of Group 1 metals The melting and boiling points of the Group 1 elements decrease on descending the group. This is due to a decrease in the forces of attraction between the atoms.

Density The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume, usually in g cm3-1. In any period of the Periodic Table, density first increases from group 1 to the centre of the period and then decreases again towards group 0. In any group, density increases down the group as atomic number increases.

Titanium and the Periodic Table With reference to titanium’s density and strength explain why it is a such a useful metal to use in the aerospace industry. Explain what would be the disadvantages of using steel and copper in the aerospace industry.

Starter Activity

Lesson 2: Patterns in Metals Today we will learn to Explain why Titanium is so difficult to extract and took so long to discover. We will do this by Examining the trends in metals and theit oxides. We will have succeeded if We can identify the three main ways metals are extracted and why.

Patterns in Metals .Using a reducing agent such as carbon monoxide In previous work on the extraction of metals from their oxides, you will have come across three possible methods that can be used depending upon the reactivity of the metal. .Heat alone .Using a reducing agent such as carbon monoxide .Using electrolysis of a melt DISCUSS After discussion with your teacher and others suggest a method for extracting the metal from the following oxides: .a) Aluminium oxide b) Silver oxide c) Iron oxide

Patterns in Metals Unfortunately due to titanium's highly reactive nature and its ability to absorb oxygen into its structure, making it brittle, none of the above methods can be used to produce titanium directly from its oxide. Chemists therefore required a better understanding of the Periodic Table, bonding and redox reactions in order to extract this amazing metal on a commercial basis. NOTES Briefly describe the three ways that metals can be extracted from their oxides giving specific examples. Then explain why titanium cannot be extracted from its oxide using any of these three methods.

Exit Task Complete Quick Test 2 in your booklet and we will review as a class. You have 10 minutes! S3 Revision

Answers Quick Test 2 1A. metal; reactive, 1B non-metal; reactive, 1C non-metal; non-reactive. 2a. mercury, b. helium, c. chlorine, d. nitrogen, oxygen, f. platinum, gold or silver, g. carbon (graphite) h. silicon, i. sodium, j. plutonium, uranium or neptunium k. einsteinium, l. californium S3 Revision