WHERE DO YOUR LOYALTIES LIE? Contending Loyalties WHERE DO YOUR LOYALTIES LIE?

… attend your favourite sports team game or hang out with friends?   Would you rather… … attend your favourite sports team game or hang out with friends? … celebrate Canada Day or go to a pow wow? … be called a racist or a traitor to your country? … meet Justin Trudeau or Justin Beiber? … talk to your great-great-great grandparent or your great-great-great grandchild? … celebrate the achievements of people who share your: ethnicity or culture or language

How do you make decisions – How does a nation make decisions? Here’s the situation… this weekend you have a scheduling crisis: Your great-grandma is turning 100. The whole family is going to be in Lethbridge. They will be doing a huge family photo. Your parent expect you to be there. Your best friend is turning 17 and his/her parents have bought plane tickets for the two of you to go to Vancouver to see your favourite band. Your team has made provincials. You are a pretty key member of the team. The gold medal game is being played in Edmonton.

Do nations struggle with contending loyalties? French Revolution and the Pope 1991 - Baltej Singh-Dhilion and the RCMP July 1st and Newfoundland – The Battle of Beaumont-Hamel

Malcolm X – Civil Rights Activist What contending loyalties are apparent in this clip?

Other Case Studies: Quebec! 1967 – Montreal Expo – President of France 1970 – FLQ Crisis (The October Crisis) 1976 – Bill 101 - the language laws 1980 – Sovereignty Referendum - Quebec sovereignty vote 1995 – Sovereignty Referendum - the second sovereignty vote

The Montreal Expo and The President of France. 1967 – Montreal hosted the World Expo – Canada is at its happiest! President De Gaulle causes a stir, “ Vive le Québec Libre” Tension Rises:  Front de libération du Québec or FLQ decides to make become even more aggressive. Why do you think the French president would make a statement like this?

The FLQ Crisis (The October Crisis) Previously the FLQ had conducted a series of over 160 bombings, particularly inside mailboxes, between 1963-1970 (centered in Montreal). Total of eight people killed by the FLQ’s activities. Feb 13, 1969 – Montreal Stock Exchange bombing: 27 people seriously injured. October 1970 The FLQ kidnapped a Provincial Cabinet Minister (murdered) and a British diplomat (later released). Implementation of the War Measures Act by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau – created Martial Law in Montreal and limited civil liberties and freedom. Things to think about watching the video: 1. Was this the right move by the FLQ? 2. Was the right move by PM Trudeau? 3. What contending loyalties are we seeing at play?

Quebec Sovereignty 1976 – Bill 101: It was passed by Quebec to make French the official language of the Province. The 1980 Referendum: First move towards sovereignty in Quebec. Was defeated 59.5 to 40.5 The 1995 Referendum: The closest the Quebec came to separating from Canada. Rejected by a tiny margin. Video: What clear contending loyalties are we witnessing? What would you do if you had to vote for Alberta or The West to separate?

Scottish Sovereignty:

Scottish Nationalism and Independence Scotland becomes occupied by the English in 1290 Edward the 1st of England claims the throne. Following this is the War of Independence Leads to many, many years of infighting Union of the Crown – 1603 – James the 6th of Scotland becomes James the 1st of England and Ireland. More in fighting and uprising 1746 – The Dress Act – The English outlaw the Kilt. Independence gets a jump start with the Home Rule Movement (1853) . Devolution Referendums 1979 and 1997 1979 – Split Decision 1997 – Majority win – 74.3% vs. 25.7% - Scottish Assembly created. Scottish Independence Referendum - 2014

Should Scotland Become Its Own Nation:

So, you want to expand your golf course? Say you only have a 9 hole course and you want to build it into 18 holes, and add a group of 60 condos as well. You have land available right next to the course, and you have permission from the city to build it on that land. But there are local people who don’t want it built, because they say the area is theirs and there are important sites on the land. How should this be handled?

The Oka Crisis: July 11 – Sept 26, 1990 A 78-day standoff between the local Mohawk people, the Quebec provincial police, and the army. The golf course would be built on what was traditionally Mohawk land and a Mohawk burial site. During the protest a Quebec police officer was killed. The mayor of Oka requested the help of the army. The protest ended when the Mohawks laid down their arms and surrendered.

Resolution? Which contending loyalties are at play here? Escalation VS de-escalation: After the gun fight, armed Mohawk went from 30 to 600. Barricades went up around the country, as other native groups sympathized with the case. Following the stand off the Canadian government bought the land gave it back to the Mohawk people. Unfortunately, the event left feelings of bitterness with Aboriginal people, but it lead to a “Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples”.

Reconciliation What does this mean? What HAS our government done to reconcile non-national loyalties between French and English between Indigenous and non-Indigenous How should our government have done to reconcile non-national loyalties following Oka?

The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples 1991- Prime Minister Brian Mulroney sets up the Royal Commission to answer the question, “What is a fair and honorable relationship between the Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal peoples of Canada?” Statement of Reconciliation – 1998 – The findings lead the Government of Canada to issue an apology for the long term effects of Indian Act and the suppression of Aboriginal culture. 2008 – official apology for Residential Schools 2014 – The Truth and Reconciliation Commissions Report issues 94 calls to action. 2014 – Supreme Court Land Claim ruling – move towards collaboration and consensus.