Cellular Respiration 1. g. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide. Mitochondria consist of a matrix where three-carbon fragments originating from carbohydrates are broken down (to CO2 and water) and of the cristae where ATP is produced. Cell respiration occurs in a series of reactions in which fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, mostly glucose, are broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Most of the energy from cell respiration is converted into ATP, a substance that powers most cell activities. 1. i.* Students know how chemiosmotic gradients in the mitochondria and chloroplast store energy for ATP production. Enzymes called ATP synthase, located within the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts and cristae membranes in mitochondria, synthesize most ATP within cells. The thylakoid and cristae membranes are impermeable to protons except at pores that are coupled with the ATP synthase. The potential energy of the proton concentration gradient drives ATP synthesis as the protons move through the ATP synthase pores. The proton gradient is established by energy furnished by a flow of electrons passing through the electron transport system located within these membranes.

Item Activities that the item does Energy Source How Energy Is Released? Automobile Dogs Flashlight Flowers Humans

Cellular Respiration Objectives: 1. Explain how ATP provides energy for life. 2. Define cellular respiration. 3. Explain the process of glycolysis. 4. Contrast the processes of fermentation in yeast and bacteria. 5. Describe the structure of the mitochondria and relate the structure to its function. 6. Explain why aerobic respiration is so much more efficient than anaerobic respiration. 7. Relate respiration and photosynthesis to the carbon-oxygen cycle. 11

Cellular Respiration Energy from comes from food!! Cellular Respiration is a metabolic process like burning fuel Burning energy yields some heat, but much of the energy in food we use to make ATP This ATP provides cells with the energy they need to carry out the activities of life. * Cellular respiration occurs in all cells 24 hours a day. 1. g. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide. Mitochondria consist of a matrix where three-carbon fragments originating from carbohydrates are broken down (to CO2 and water) and of the cristae where ATP is produced. Cell respiration occurs in a series of reactions in which fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, mostly glucose, are broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Most of the energy from cell respiration is converted into ATP, a substance that powers most cell activities. 1. i.* Students know how chemiosmotic gradients in the mitochondria and chloroplast store energy for ATP production. Enzymes called ATP synthase, located within the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts and cristae membranes in mitochondria, synthesize most ATP within cells. The thylakoid and cristae membranes are impermeable to protons except at pores that are coupled with the ATP synthase. The potential energy of the proton concentration gradient drives ATP synthesis as the protons move through the ATP synthase pores. The proton gradient is established by energy furnished by a flow of electrons passing through the electron transport system located within these membranes.

ATP Most of the energy from cell respiration is converted into ATP ATP is a substance that powers most cell activities. Storage of energy as ATP H2O + ATP ADP + P + ENERGY!!!!!!!! ATP synthase

Adenosine Triphosphate

Cellular Respiration Is a series of reactions where fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, mostly glucose, are broken down to make CO2, water, and energy. A single glucose molecule can be divided into 36 smaller energy packets yielding 36 ATP molecules.

Cellular Respiration When ATP is hydrolyzed, energy is released. This energy can be used to help the organism maintain homeostasis. The energy released from ATP breakdown is used to obtain, transform, transport, materials, and excrete wastes.

Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy The Stages of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration has two stages. Glycolysis The first stage of cellular respiration is called glycolysis. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration The second stage of cellular respiration is either aerobic respiration (in the presence of oxygen) or anaerobic respiration (in the absence of oxygen). A large amount of ATP is made during aerobic respiration. NAD+ is recycled during the anaerobic process of fermentation. 12

Cellular Respiration Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose Some cells lack the enzymes necessary for aerobic respiration and other cells revert to anaerobic respiration when oxygen is lacking. Enzymes necessary for anaerobic respiration are located in the cytoplasm. The first step of any respiration is: Glycolysis- Glucose is broken down to pyruvate during, making some ATP. 13

Cellular Respiration Fermentation in the Absence of Oxygen Fermentation When oxygen is not present, fermentation follows glycolysis, regenerating NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue. Lactic Acid Fermentation In lactic acid fermentation, bacteria and other animals covert pyruvate to lactic acid. Makes things SOUR! Alcohol fermentation- Yeasts convert pyruvate to alcohol and CO2 15

Anaerobic Respiration Bacteria ferment foods yielding acids and are useful to humans because they give us different cheeses, sour cream, sauerkraut, pickles vinegar and all that nice sour stuff we eat. They also ferment food in our refrigerators and are the culprit of rotten spoiled food! Glucose Acids +2ATP Yeasts ferment foods yielding CO2 and alcohol and are used in baking and brewing industries. Glucose Alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP

Aerobic Respiration uses Mitochondria The matrix where 3-carbon pieces that came from carbohydrates are broken down to (CO2 and water) The cristae is where ATP is made. (Highly folded to increase surface area for enzyme action)

Enzyme controlled reactions gradually breakdown glucose C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + 36ATP Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + 36 ATP Aerobic Respiration is much more efficient than anaerobic respiration which leaves much stored energy in the acid or alcohol molecules.

Cellular Respiration Stage Two: Production of ATP Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that produce energy-storing molecules during aerobic respiration. Electron Transport Chain During aerobic respiration, large amounts of ATP are made in an electron transport chain. 14

Review When oxygen is present most the ATP made in cellular respiration is produced by: A. aerobic respiration B. Glycolysis C. alcoholic fermentation D. Lactic acid fermentation.