Objectives 2. To explain photosynthesis and respiration. 1. To explore tree physiology. 2. To explain photosynthesis and respiration. 3. To discuss factors affecting tree growth. 4. To discover forest stand management.

Tree Physiology Includes studying the following: biology of trees major parts of the tree functions of the tree Physiology: the biological study of trees and their parts

Major Parts of a Tree Include the following three parts: root system trunk and branches leaves or foliage crown

Root System Has the following purposes: secures plant into soil stores nutrients absorbs and transports water and nutrients

Trunk & Branches Serve the following purposes: support foliage and extend branch growth so leaves can gain maximum exposure to light store nutrients for the plant provide passageway for water and nutrients from one part of a tree to the other

Leaves & Foliage Serve the following purposes: through photosynthesis, produce sugar which creates energy for plant growth allows evaporation to take place in order to keep a constant flow of water throughout the tree

Crown Is the entire above ground area of a tree Includes the following parts: branches leaves reproductive structures such as fruits and flowers

Respiration Provides energy to cells for growth by oxidizing carbohydrates Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide Water Energy C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H20 ATP Oxidize: combining a substance with oxygen

Respiration Works in reverse order of photosynthesis Combines oxygen and synthesized carbohydrates to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy Oxidizes food and releases energy Occurs during all growing seasons

Photosynthesis Combines carbon dioxide with water and sunlight Uses energy from the sun to produce carbohydrates and oxygen Is the most essential physiological process Physiological: having to do with the functions of living organisms or their parts

Environmental Factors Can affect the growth of trees significantly Include the following: light temperature water Must have the proper amount of these three factors in order to thrive in a particular environment

Biological Factors Include the influence of hormones which can affect growth in positive and negative ways depending on the specific hormone Can affect tree growth through diseases carried by various insects, fungus and bacteria

Tree Reproduction Can be obtained through seed reproduction or artificial reproduction Includes the following methods: cuttings: joining part of a plant (shoot or bud) with another part of a living plant naturally: developing seeds from mature trees and dispersing them various ways

Seed Dispersal Is a vital part of tree reproduction Can be accomplished through the following: wind carries and spreads the seeds animals transport fruit which carries seeds water carries seeds dropped from trees located near bodies of water

Stages of Tree Growth Include the following four primary stages: germination of the seed primary growth of leaves, petioles, stems and roots secondary growth of leaves, petioles, stems and roots after one year mature tree, development of wood and bark Petiole: part of plant where the leaf is attached to the stem

Forest Stand Development Affects the success of a group of trees Can be accomplished by the following examples: cutting down large trees to make room for smaller ones cuts to increase the growth of specific tree species by cutting down dead trees regulating the uniformity in size of different trees Stand: group of trees uniform in species composition, size, age, structure, spatial arrangement and condition

Biotechnology Can be used in forests in the following ways: cloning: to produce desired tree species the use of tissue cultures: to breed trees through the use of small shoots from other plants, often done when a particular tree specie has difficulties reproducing

Summary Major parts of a tree include the root system, trunks, branches, leaves and crown. Respiration combines oxygen and synthesized carbohydrates in order to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy. Environmental factors that can affect the growth of trees include light, temperature and water. Trees can reproduce through seed or artificial reproduction. Forest stand development can affect the success rate of a group of trees.

Assessment Define physiology. What is one function of the root system What do carbohydrates produce during respiration? Explain photosynthesis. 1. The biological study of trees and their parts 2. Answers will vary, possible answer: to store nutrients 3. Energy for growth 4 Answers will vary, possible answer: Photosynthesis combines carbon dioxide and water with sunlight to produce carbohydrates and oxygen.

Assessment List two ways seeds are dispersed. What is the first stage in tree growth? Define petiole. What is one advantage of managing stands successfully? 5. Answers will vary, possible answers: wind, water, animals 6. Germination of the seed 7. Petiole is the part of a plant where the leaf is attached to the stem 8. Answers will vary; may include the allowance of trees to grow in uniform size, age, structure and spatial arrangement. 

Assessment Name two environmental factors that can affect the growth of trees. Cloning can be used in forests to produce desired tree species. true false 9. Answers will vary, possible answers: light, temperature, water 10. true

Resources (1997-2009). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from The Alabama Cooperative Extension System: www.aces.edu (2009). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from Bonsai4Me.com: www.bonsai4me.com (2009). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from NDSU Extension Service: www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries. (2009). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from The University of Tennesse Institute of Agriculture: fwf.ag.utk.edu UT Extension. (2009). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from University of Tennessee Department of Agriculture: www.utextension.utk.edu

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