Invasion and Occupation, 1492-1821 12/9/2017 4:05 PM Invasion and Occupation, 1492-1821 Name Title Company Name © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Muslims of North Africa Invade Iberian Peninsula 711CE

“Northern Christian Kingdoms” Resist rule of various Muslim leaders La Reconquista Moors Ferdinand and Isabella Granada Christian Reconquista

Christopher Columbus Hispaniola – Dominican Republic and Haiti. Conquest of Mesoamerica and the Caribbean is seen as an extension of the Reconquista effort

The Portuguese and the African Slave Trade 1440s Portugal starts Spain follows

Conquest of the Americas - overview Death Enslavement Sexual violence and exploitation Christianization (specifically Catholicism)

Antonio de Montesinos Became a champion of indigenes Opposed confiscation 1511 Christmas Sermon

Bartolome de las Casas Zealous participant in conquest, changed mindset. “championed” indigenes

Invasion of Tenochtitlán Hernán Cortes Conquistadores

“God, Gold, & Glory” Veracruz 1519 → Tenochtitlan Moctezuma Cuahtemoc Spain’s desire for Gold Aggression with women Disease

Why were the Spanish Victorious? Todorov “Great Man” theory Legend of the Sun God Superior Weaponry European diseases Military Alliances

Malinalli or Marina or La Malinche? 1502-1527 Tarasco, Oaxaca, Maya Tabasco 1519

The Rest of New Spain 1540 – Francisco Vazquez de Coronado 1533 – Diego de Guzman 1539 – Friar Marcos de Niza Alvar Nunes Cabeza de Vaca 1527

Spanish Heritage in the Southwest Transformation of the lands in these areas

Objectives in “northern frontier” Gold Land Conversion Buffer Zone

Permanent Settlements Missions Presidios Pueblos Cities and towns Native Americans Martin Enriquez de Almansa

Factors in Decline of indigenes Displacement Haciendas

Colonization New Mexico 1610 Pueblos vs Franciscans Est. Santa Fe as capital Juan de Onate Pueblos vs Franciscans Kivas and cultural resistance

The Pueblo/Great Northern Rebellion Religion Tewa Indians Popé millenarianism

Fallout Recolonization in 1692 Lessons

Texas Colony El Paso del Norte Coastal Regions

Spanish 18th Century Economic decline Foreign encroachment Rio Grande

El Paso del Norte Rodriguez-Sánchez Expedition Missions Nuestra Seῆora de Guadalupe (1659) San Lorenzo

Tlaxcalans Imported as laborers Build missions Controversy about role

French in Texas La Salle and the Mississippi River Ft. St. Louis

Spanish Settlements in Texas

Institutional Development Franciscans Presidios Population Death and Compadrazgo Government Viceroy Governor Cabildo Ayuntamientos

Economy Agriculture Missions Mining Military Hacienda Cattle Ranching Slavery

California Colony – 1760s Largest colony of the Northern Frontier Yokut – 75% pop- ulation loss Missionizing Coastal defense

Missions New Mexico Texas California Constant trouble Impermanence Used for border control Constant attack by Indians Impermanence California Self sustaining Almost exactly like NM but without the rebellion

California Missions Agriculture Indians and the mission Vaqueros Restrictions Father Junipero Serra Est. first mission (San Diego, 1768)

Class Lines Small elite Mixed ancestry Gender lines redefined Cast system Peninsulares Criollos Indios Mestizo Mulatto Black/negro