Songhay, Kongo, Spanish, and Portugese Emerging States Pt. 2 Songhay, Kongo, Spanish, and Portugese

Songhay (1464-1591) Took power after Mali decline Sunni Ali great ruler Appointed governors, ruled provinces Built powerful army Created navy to patrol Niger River Gao capital, controlled trade in region Timbuktu center for Muslim education Defeated by Moroccans, 1591

Kongo (1300s-1600s) Gained power in 14th century Gave West-Central Africa centralized government Powerful king Officials ruled in judicial, military, and financial affairs Began trade with Portugal both benefitted Traded weapons, textiles for slaves, gold Relations failed Portugal, Kongo fought Kongo never regained power

Spanish and Portuguese Empires Spanish 1st to claim land in New World Portuguese quick to follow Constant fighting between 2 countries Disputes over land in New World Pope Alexander VI Treaty of Tordesillas Split Americas in ½ Spain West, Portugal East

Encomienda, Repartimiento Systems Encomienda Native American forced labor Hunted, killed those who resisted Huge decline in Native population Bartolome de las Casas monk, spoke against system New Laws of the Indies, 1542 Banned forced labor, not enforced Repartimiento  Natives supposed to get wages Did not work African slaves imported to solve population decline

Social Structure Most migrants men Mixed with native population Peninsulares those directly from Iberian Peninsula Creoles descendants of Peninsulares Mestizos mix of European and Native Mulattoes mix of African and European Zambos mix of African and Native, lowest class