New Empires in the Americas Chapter 2 Page 26 1450 to 1750

Section 1: Early Voyages of Exploration Examine ways that Portugal sought direct trade with Asia. Explain why Christopher Columbus made his voyage across the Atlantic. Describe European reactions to Columbus’s voyages.

A. Search for a Sea Route 1400’s Venice has monopoly over Silk road and Mediterranean sea route Portugal: Experts New tech: Astrolabe, Caravel Prince Henry the Navigator: Important but why? Portugal head South Get around Africa Bartolomeu Dias 1487 and the Cape of Good Hope Vasco da Gama- reached India

B. Columbus Wanted to go west to get east Based on bad math Also Viking stories Went to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain What effect did Reconquista have on this? 1492: Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria set sail Took a little over a month Landed at San Salvador, but also explored Hispaniola Exploited the Taino people

C. Europeans Learn of Journey Spain wanted to protect new territory from others Pope created Line of Demarcation? Treaty of Tordesillas West side? East Side What was the mistake?

Section 2: Europe Looks to the Americas Determine where the Portuguese explored, and describe the outcomes of their voyages. Evaluate the results of Spain’s explorations after Columbus’s voyages. Explain how the Columbian Exchange affected the world.

A. Early Explorers Da Gama? Amerigo Vespucci? Vasco Nunez de Balboa? Ferdinand Magellan? Strait of Magellan? Circumnavigate? Philippines? 18 of the 240 original crew made it back to Portugal- 40,000 miles

B. Trade Atlantic Trade opened up European countries to prosperity More nations wanted in. examples? Lots of natural resources- gold, timber, fish Columbian Exchange Exchange of goods between Old World and the New World Examples??

Section 3: The Spanish in America Describe events that led to the fall of the Aztec and Inca Empires. Explain how Spain organized and governed its empire in the Americas. Examine the structure of New Spain’s economy and society.

A. Conquistadores Spanish soldiers sent to conquer Americas- did it for God, glory, and gold. Cortes Heard stories of Aztec weath Aztec lead by leader Moctezuma at capital of Tenochtitlan Ruled over 10 million people Cortes planned to conquer with only 500 soldiers Why was Cortes successful? Malintzin or Malinche? Weapons, horses, disease, Native allies

C. Spanish Explorers Francisco Pizarro Ponce de Leon Panfilo de Narvaiz Nunez Cabeza de Vaca Hernando de Soto Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

C. Governing New Spain Council of the Indies Two Viceroys Viceroy of Peru an Viceroy of New Spain Area divided into settlements Pueblos- towns or trading posts Missions- settlements established by priest to convert natives Presidios- military bases

D. Economy of New Spain Relied on Encomienda System This was a system of forced labor from the Natives Wasn’t suppose to be slavery but very similar Natives died in droves from harsh treatment and disease Bartolome de Las Casas- priest who worked to end system Plantations- as natives died, many settlements turned to plantations and imported slave labor from Africa

E. Class Structure Peninsulares- Spanish born in Spain Criollos- Spanish people born in the Americas Mestizos- Spanish and Indian parents

F. Expanding into Borderlands Borderland include: Northern Mexico, Florida, Texas, New Mexico, and California Very few settlers go there St. Augustine? 1565 Santa Fe? 1609 El Paso? 1659 San Diego? 1769, Junipero Serra

Section 4: The Race for Empires Explain why and how the Protestant Reformation affected relations between Spain and England. Analyze factors that led to Spain’s decline. Identify early experiences that European nations had in colonizing North America.

A. Conflict between Spain and England Protestant Reformation Started by Martin Luther Protestants broke away from Catholic church Spread throughout Europe England became heavily protestant- ticked off mostly Catholic Spain

B. Spanish Armada Phillip II of Spain send large fleet to subdue England and Elizabeth I, Queen of England Spain growing wealthy from colonies in Americas Elizabeth relied on Sea Dogs to attack Spanish ships Sir Francis Drake? Spanish Armada- sent in 1588- 130 ships and 30,000 Smaller faster English ships destroyed the Armada Spain declined in following years Wealth led to inflation-

C. Searching for a Northwest Passage Europeans sought way through North America to get to Asia Really doesn’t exist John Cabot- 1497 Jacques Cartier- 1534 Samuel de Champlain- 1600 Henry Hudson- 1609

D. French Settlement Claimed by Cartier- established permanent colonies in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and parts of Maine 1608- Samuel de Champlain established Quebec on St. Lawrence R. French relied on trade with Natives- Great Lakes region claimed Jolliet and Marquette first to get to Mississippi for France Robert de La Salle- sailed down Mississippi claiming all for France Founded New Orleans Population remained small- 12,000 by 1688

E. New Netherland Dutch claimed areas explored by Henry Hudson on Hudson River New Netherland- parts of Connecticut, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York New Amsterdam- Manhattan Island- settlement started by Peter Minuit Dutch West India Company could not attract settlers Let anyone settler there, religious toleration, very diverse

F. The English Settlements Charter- document of permission from king Roanoke- 1585 First official English colony in NA Colonly disappeared by 1590 Crotoan Nobody knows what happened to missing colonist