Transformations of North America APUSH Unit 1 1450-1700

“1491” in North America “ESP” Structures: Economic – Social – Political Arid SW & Mexico Pueblo maize Pacific NW & California Chinook Foraging & hunting

“1491” in North America Great Basin & W. Great Plains Shoshone/Ute lack of resources Northeast & Atl. Seaboard Iroquois & Algonquian agriculture & hunter-gatherer permanent villages Trade Network

“1491” in Africa West African Empires Trans-Saharan Trade Ghana Empire (8th century) Mali Empire (13th century) Songhai Empire (15th century) Trans-Saharan Trade Smaller “mini-state” kingdoms Coastal Trade with Europeans

“1491” in Europe Renaissance Economics Emerging Nation-states Desire for Asian goods 1453 fall of Constantinople (search for new source of wealth) Emerging Nation-states (search for new power & status) Protestant Reformation (search for converts to Christianity) Science & Technology maritime technology

Early European Exploration 1.2-IIA Early European Exploration Portugal - Prince Henry the Navigator Spain - Ferdinand & Isabella Christopher Columbus (1492) Conquistadores Juan Ponce de Leon Vasco Nunez de Balboa Hernan Cortez

Contact: The Columbian Exchange Impact in Europe New crops  Population growth Mineral wealth feudalism  capitalism Changing European Economies New Technology Sextant / astrolabe Methods of Trade Joint-stock companies Increased effort to explore & conquer New World “The 3-Gs”

Contact: The Columbian Exchange Impact in America Demographic, Economic & Social Changes Epidemics in America Smallpox / influenza New crops & livestock in Americas horses / cows impact on settlement patterns Racially mixed populations Casta system mestizo / mulatto / zambo

Contact: The Columbian Exchange Impact in Africa exploitation of resources Gold Slave labor for Americas Labor systems Mining & Agricultural Labor Indian labor – encomienda system African slavery

Contact: Divergent Worldviews 1.3 Contact: Divergent Worldviews mutual misunderstandings later…adoption of some parts of each other’s culture European views Treatment of Native Americans How “civilized” are they? Sepúlveda vs. Bartolomeo de las Casas White superiority justify subjugation of others Attempts to change belief systems of others Religion, family/gender roles, environment

Intercont’l Contact & Worldviews 1.3 Intercont’l Contact & Worldviews Native American resistance Spanish mission system Juan de Oñate African Culture in the New World Caribbean & South America Maroon communities Mixing Christianity & traditional African religions

Spanish Colonization Mostly men Tight, centralized control 2.1-IA, 2.2-IIB, 3.3-IC Spanish Colonization Mostly men Tight, centralized control Convert and/or exploit Native Americans Pueblo Revolt, 1680 Accommodation of American Indian culture California missions, 1769-1833 Bonded Indian labor Social mobility for settlers Cultural blending corridos / vaqueros

French & Dutch Colonization 2.1-IB French & Dutch Colonization Sent relatively few people Trade Alliances Intermarriage Fur & other exports

English Colonization Agriculturally based colonies Large #s of men and women Purpose Social & economic mobility Improved living conditions Religious Freedom Hostile relationships with Native Americans

English Chesapeake colonies 2.1-IIIB English Chesapeake colonies Jamestown, 1607 Virginia Company tobacco headright system Indentured servitude African chattel slavery House of Burgesses, 1619 Maryland, 1632 Act of Toleration, 1649

New England Pilgrims – Plymouth, 1620 2.1-IIIA New England Pilgrims – Plymouth, 1620 Mayflower Compact Puritans – Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630 Great Migration, 1630-1640 “City Upon a Hill” Providence, Rhode Island, 1636 Roger Williams Anne Hutchinson

Conflict with Native Americans Extension of European competition European desire for goods furs / tobacco New sources of labor Political instability Pequot War, 1636 Beaver Wars, 1630s-1660 Iroquois Huron Confederacy King Phillip’s War, 1675-1676

Conflict with Native Americans Pueblo Revolt, 1680 Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 Frontier instability Resistance to colonial rule Impact on labor system Nathaniel Bacon In this stained glass window, discovered and restored in the twentieth century, Bacon's social class and his commanding presence are both evident. (The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities at Bacon's Castle, Library of Virginia)