E Waste Management A R K Reddy

OBJECTIVES Bring in awareness about e waste: What is e waste? What are the harmful materials in them? What are the effects of wrongful disposal of the e waste? How much are we generating? Are there any rules and regulations? What needs to be done for preventing deterioration of environment?

e Waste – Effects, Generation and Disposal Materials used in e waste and their effects on Human beings and Environment Generation statistics Basal Convention Disposal Methods of e waste The e waste (Management and Handling rules) 2011 Challenges in handling with e waste, Collection centers and proposed Solutions 8. Selected Case Studies

CONCLUSION In view of high generation of e waste, highly limited awareness of dangers associated with its improper disposal and over 90% being recycled by unorganized sector, the environment is getting polluted very badly. Hence, it is high time for us to realise our mistakes and take corrective measures to prevent irreparable damage to the environment.

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e-waste Electrical/electronic products that has ceased to be of any value for the current user or any appliance using an electric power supply that has reached its end-of-life

E Waste Categories TVs Mobiles Computers REFRIGERATORS

E waste Categories

E waste Categories PCBs Medical e Waste CDs Solar Panels Light Bulbs/Tubes PCBs Medical e Waste CDs Solar Panels

Battery Waste

MATERIALS IN MOBILE PHONES - NOKIA

DO YOU KNOW? Manufacture of mobile phones and computers consume: 3% of gold and silver 13% of palladium 15% of cobalt ---- Mined per year worldwide? According to the Environmental protection agency(EPA) estimates: Recycling 1 million cell phones can recover about: 24 kg (50 lb) of gold, 250 kg (550 lb) of silver, 9 kg (20 lb) of palladium, and > 9,000 kg (20,000 lb) of copper.

Effect of hazardous items in e waste on Human beings 1 LEAD : Can cause permanent damage to the brain, kidney, blood system and nervous system causing retardation and behavioral changes; Affects brain development of children. 2 Chromium: Asthmatic bronchitis and DNA damage. 3 Cadmium: Toxic irreversible effects on human health, Accumulates in kidney and lever, Causes neural damage.

Effect of hazardous items in e waste on Human beings 4 Mercury: Chronic damage to the brain. Cause respiratory and skin disorders due to bioaccumulation in fishes. 5 Plastics : Burning produces dioxin which causes Reproductive and developmental problems; Immune system damage; Interfere with regulatory hormones. 6 Barium : Leads to muscle weakness Damage to Heart, Lever and Spleen.

Effect of hazardous items in e waste on Human beings 7 Beryllium: Exposing to fumes of beryllium compounds may injure the lungs, kidney, liver, heart and exposed parts of the body i.e. eyes and skin. Also known as the cancer causing substance. 8 Flame Retardants: Disrupts Endocrine System functions.

Disposal Methods Recycling, Recovery of Precious Items Burning in Open Air to recover copper and other metals, Donating, Dumping as seconds by developed Nations in some of the developing Nations, including India Land filling.

RECYCLING FORMAL WAY INFORMAL WAY

Recycling of e Waste - ASSOCHAM E waste recycling (?) 90% - in informal sector based in urban slums; Less than 10% in organized sector. The biggest e-waste recycling market in India is Delhi and approximately 30 -40 % of the e-waste in India lands here. No. of Recyclers: 138 registered recyclers in India who dismantles the e waste and export the dismantled parts for metal extraction.

Illegal Recycling - Moradabad MORADABAD gets 50% of all PCBs in India. Generates 9 T of hazardous waste daily, with officials saying close to 50,000 people are involved in it. Most of the recycling is illegal. Investigation by CSE (Centre for Science and Environment) found in the soil samples collected near river Ramganga, a tributary of Ganga that: zinc levels : 15 times more than that permitted. Copper levels : five times higher Chromium level : twice the standard permitted, Cadmium level : 1.3 times the permitted levels.

BURNING OF e WASTE

Heavy Metals in Landfills Municipal solid wastes in developing countries may contain up to 3 per cent hazardous wastes, including e-waste, which leads to increase in concentrations of heavy metals in leachate. About 40% of the lead and 70% of the heavy metals that you’ll find in any landfill comes from e-waste. These toxics mix up with ground water, contribute in water pollution and lead to soil acidification.

e waste generation worldwide 2014 As per the 'Global E-Waste Monitor 2014‘ compiled by United Nations University (UNU): US and China produced 32% of the world’s e-waste in 2014. The highest e waste producers in Asia: China (6.0Mt), Japan (2.20 Mt) and India (1.70 Mt) – 5th biggest producer in the world. UN report warns that the volume of global e-waste is likely to rise sharply by 21% in next three years. As per the survey, the inventory of e waste in USA in 2014 is: Approx. 77 million CRT TVs in U.S. households and Approx. 30 million CRT monitors.

Composition of e waste generated worldwide in 2014 1.0 Mt lamps, 3.0 Mt of Small IT, 6.3 Mt of screens and monitors, 7.0 Mt of temperature exchange equipment (cooling and freezing equipment), 11.8 Mt large equipment, and 12.7 Mt of small equipment. 41.8 Total

Replacement Rates of electronic Products: Why so much generation? Replacement Rates of electronic Products: Cell Phones: Americans - Every 18 months, Europeans - every 15 months, and Japanese - every 9 months. Digital cameras: Range between two and three years. PCs : U.S. businesses - every two years As per EPA: 142,000 computers and over 416,000 mobile devises were trashed every day in USA!!

Generation of e waste in India As per the ASSOCHAM study released on 21/4/16: India was likely to generate e-waste to an extent of 18.5 Lakh MT in 2015 e waste in India is growing at a compounded growth rate of about 20% likely to increase to 30.0 lakh MT by 2018. Less than 10% of the total e-waste produced in India are recycled in formal sector.

Generation of e waste in India Top e waste generating cities: Mumbai - 1,20,000MT in 2015; Delhi-NCR - 98,000MT Bangalore - 92,000 MT Chennai - 67,000MT Kolkata - 55,000MT Composition of e waste: Computer equipment - 68% Telecom. equipment - 12% Electrical equipment - 8% and Medical equipment - 7%

Mobile phones sales statistics - India As per FICCI-EY report titled 'Speeding Ahead on the Telecom and Digital Economy Highway‘ the domestic market expected to cross 300 million devices in 2015 (or 8.3 lakhs per day) No. of mobiles in India as on 30/11/2015 – 1001 million

The e waste (management and handling rules) 2016 Manufacturer’s/Producer’s extended Responsibility: Collect the waste materials back through dealers/Associations and recycle them Targets for collection fixed Payment to be made to the customer at the time of returning Exchange permitted Dealers may collect e-waste by providing the consumer a box, bin or a demarcated area to deposit e-waste.

The e waste (management and handling rules) 2016 Manufacturer/Producer need to comply with threshold limits for the use of certain hazardous substances in electronic equipment. Bulk manufactures/consumers to maintain records in form no. 2 and hand over the waste to approved recyclers. State Govt.: To provide facilities in Industrial estates for collection/segregation Register and Train those workers engaged in recycling works

Targets for Extended Producer’s Responsibility - Authorization No. Year E-Waste Collection Target based on the Quantity e waste generation indicated in the extended producers responsibility plan (Number/Weight) 1 During first two year of implementation of rules 30%. 2 During third and fourth years of implementation of rules 40% 3 During Fifth and Sixth years of implementation of rules 50% 4 Seventh year onward of 70%

BASEL CONVENTION OBJECTIVES: TO PREVENT TRANS BOUNDARY MOVEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES TO DISPOSE OF HAZARDOUS WASTES AS CLOSE AS TO THE SOURCE OF GENERATION TO MINIMISE GENERATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE IN TERMS OF QUANTITY AND HAZARDOUSNESS.

BASEL CONVENTION Came into force from 1992. 186 Countries and European union are party to it. However, US have not so far ratified it. In spite of this Convention, developed countries dump their e-waste in the name of seconds or donations to developing Nations, including India.

In spite of Basel Convention Exports of e waste

Challenges in Handling e waste Generation is quite high Formal Recovering capacity too less Over 5 lakh laborers in the age group of 10 -14 years work for recycling mainly in informal Sector. Know how for recovery of precious metals in economical way does not exist Imports take place in the form of second hand goods or donations. Public awareness with regard to dangers of e waste as well as the avenues available for proper disposal is quite limited. Action from Government agencies is not encouraging

Solutions for e waste Adopt the Easy Mantra of REDUCE-REUSE-RECYCLE: THE FIRST STEP REDUCE: Buy Only What You Need Borrow or share items that you don’t need daily Sell off unwanted items in the house in a rummage or garage sale Give away items that are of no use to you but would be of need to someone else around you. THE SECOND STEP REUSE (What you can’t reduce): Buy rechargeable batteries Buy a multipurpose household (all surface) cleaner Donate reusable items to NGOs THE THIRD STEP RECYCLE (What you can’t reuse): Sort out unwanted trash from items you could reuse. Review the items you are giving away to your kabadiwallah so that they do not end up in wrong hands. Make sure you send items that are worthy of being recycled to authorized recyclers only.

Solutions for e waste Pollution control agencies to monitor and ensure implementation of ‘the e waste management rules, 2016’ by manufacturers’, producers and bulk users. Create Massive awareness and its effect amongst public. Provide collection bins at all convenient locations Organize collection drives along with recyclers Handover the collected e waste to approved and reputed recyclers. Technical Interventions to reduce sizes, limit/reduce hazardous items etc.

Solutions for e waste Never: Throw them into dust bins Burn them The Municipalities may introduce a system similar to that of European Union, shown in the next few slides.

‘e’ Waste collection centers in Bengaluru 1. KSPCB – Church Street 2. Eco-Birdd Recycling Co. Pvt Ltd, Nayandahalli. 3. RT Nagar, City central library Bommanahalli BBMP, Bangalore One – BBMP Arkere. 5. Jayanagar 3rd Blk, BBMP Office. SAAHAS, 431, 8th Cross, Jayanagar 1st Block. Samarthanam Trust for the Disabled, J.P. Nagar, 2nd Phase.

Saahas e-Waste Collection Centres Kasa Rasa 1: Premises of Hot Mix Plant, Koramangala 6th Block, Ejipura. Timings: 10 am -6 pm. (Sunday closed) Kasa Rasa 2: High Tension Wire ground, Koramangala 5th Block, Near Hotel Empire. Timings: 10 am -6 pm. (Sunday closed) Saahas Office: #433, 8th Cross, Jayanagar 1st Block, Bangalorre – 560011. Timings: 9.30am -6.30pm (Monday to Friday), 9.30 am-4.30 pm (Saturday), Sunday closed. City Central Library: East Zone, 1st Main Road, R.T.Nagar, Bangalore-560032. Timings: 8.30 am – 7.30 pm (closed on Mondays and 2nd Tuesdays) Koramangala 3rd Block, RWA Library, Inside Park, behind Post Office, Between 10th and 12th Main (Ward 151). Timings: 5 am-11 am and 4pm-7pm Hippocampus Library: 525, 16th Main, Koramangala 3rd Block, Bangalore 560034. Timings: 10 am-7 pm (Monday closed) Mother Earth: 541-543, Amarjyoti HSBC, Opposite Dell, intermediate Ring Road, Domlur, Bangalore. Timings: 11 am-9pm

KSPCB APPROVED E WASTE RECYCLERS M/s. E-Parisara Pvt Ltd, Dabaspet Bangalore. M/s. K.G. Nandini Enterprises, Bidadi. M/s. E-R3 Solutions Pvt. Ltd, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, M/s. E-Scrapy Recyclers, Byreshwara industrial area, Peenya 2nd stage, Bangalore M/s. H. M. G. Eco Care recycling Pvt. Ltd, Kumbalgodu,Mysore Road, Bangalore

Case study I Collection of small batteries in European Union

SMALL Used or Discarded BATTERIES Collection – HOW IS IT TACKLED IN EUROPE ?

Small Batteries Collections - Europe As per Batteries Directive 2006/66/EC requires the 30 EEA member countries: to achieve minimum collection rates for portable batteries of 25% in 2012 and 45% in 2016. requires distributors or retailers to take back waste batteries Municipalities are required to: provide retailers with collection containers, thus ensuring waste battery campaign recognition, pick up full containers within a reasonable time period, or alternatively whether

Small Batteries Collections - Europe Municipalities are required to: Municipal collection points are required to accept waste batteries from retailers and Retailers are subject to a measurable obligation to display the availability of the collection point. As on 2012 only 3 countries viz. Cyprus, Malta and Romania missed the target ( in these countries the schemes started only in 2012). For every 690 residents they have one collection center.

Case Study II Collection of used or discarded CFLs in Srilanka

Collection and recycling of used/discarded CFLs Orange Electric has 40 percent share in CFL market and it manufactures around 0.6 million bulbs every month. The company took the responsibility for the proper recycling of 0.5 million bulbs that are disposed in Sri Lanka every month. Orange Electronic in partnership with Nordic Recycling AB of Sweden has set up a recycling plant Asia Recycling in 2011 with a capacity to recycle upto 30 million CFLs annually which is thrice the annual usage of CFLs in Sri Lanka.

Collection of used/discarded CFLs Collection System of the Company: Makes regular collections of CFLs from banks, schools, universities, factories, hospitals and government agencies. For other consumers and households the company has provided designated collection centres and has also placed collection boxes at supermarkets and distributor points. Provides a discount of 10 LKR on returning of any brand of CFL bulb on new purchase of the company CFL.