Welcome to Chapter 12 of Visualizing Technology, fifth edition, by Debra Geoghan. This chapter discusses databases. Chapter 11 Databases <#>

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Objectives Identify the Parts of a Database Compare the Four Types of Databases Explain Database Management Systems Discuss Important Types of Information Systems List Examples of Databases Used in Law Enforcement and Research Chapter 11 Explains And Discusses Databases And Database Management Systems. The Chapter Objectives Are: Identify The Parts Of A Database Compare The Four Types Of Databases Explain Database Management Systems Discuss Important Types Of Information Systems List Examples Of Databases Used In Law Enforcement And Research Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Identify the Parts of a Database Objective 1 identifies the parts of a database. Objective 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Database Basics Tables, Fields, and Records Collection of information Organized in a useful way Database records are organized into tables A database is a collection of information that is organized in a useful way. Database records are organized into one or more tables. The parts of a database are tables, fields, and records. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Objective 1 <#>

Database Basics Tables, Fields, and Records Database object Data arranged in rows and columns Field Single piece of information in a record Primary key a special field that uniquely identifies a record Record Row of data Describes a particular entry A table is a database object where data are stored and arranged in rows and columns. A record is a row of data in a database that describes a particular entry in the database. A field is a single piece of information in a record in a database. The field that contains a unique identifier for each record is called the primary key. Objective 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Database Basics Forms, Queries, and Reports Enter data and display information Easy-to-read layout Query Retrieves specific data from one or more tables Report Displays the data from a table or a query Easy-to-read-and-print format A table contains all the data, but other database objects are used to manage the information. A form is a database object that makes it easier to enter a new record into a database. A query is a database object that retrieves specific data from one or more tables to answer a question. A report is a database object that displays the data from a table or a query in an easy-to-read-and-print format. Objective 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Compare the Four Types of Databases Objective 2 compares the four types of databases. Objective 2 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

A Database for Every Purpose Flat Databases Simplest type Consists of a single list of items Can be a list or a table in a document or spreadsheet Examples: Shopping list To-do list A flat database, which consists of a single list of items, is the simplest type of database. It can be a list or table in a document or spreadsheet. Examples include a shopping list, a to-do list, or a list of homework assignments. Objective 2 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

A Database for Every Purpose Relational Databases Most common type Multiple tables or relations Related by common information Reduces data redundancy A relational database, the most common type of database, consists of multiple tables or relations that are related by common information. This reduces data redundancy. Objective 2 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

A Database for Every Purpose Relational Databases Types of relationships: One-to-many – a single record in one table links to multiple records in another table One-to-one – a single record in one table links to a single record in another table Many-to-many – Multiple records in one table can link to multiple records in another table There are three types of relationships in a database: one-to-many, one-to-one, and many-to-many. Objective 2 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

A Database for Every Purpose Object-Oriented Databases Data stored as objects Used by modern programming languages C++ Java Used for more complicated types of data Images Video Audio An object-oriented database is a type of database in which data are stored as objects, which are used by modern programming languages, such as C++ and Java. Often, these are used to create databases that have more complicated types of data such as images, video, and audio. Objective 2 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

A Database for Every Purpose Multidimensional Databases Optimized for storing and utilizing data Can be created using input from existing relational databases Structures information as multidimensional data cubes A multidimensional database is a database optimized for storing and utilizing data. It can be created using input from existing relational databases, but it structures the information into multidimensional data cubes. Objective 2 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

A Database for Every Purpose Multidimensional Databases Data warehouse Central repository for all data that an enterprise uses Data mining Discovering relationships between data items Online analytical processing (OLAP) Enables users to selectively extract and view data from different points of view Multidimensional databases are ideal for use with data warehouses, data mining, and online analytical processing (OLAP) applications. They enable users to selectively extract and view data from different points of view. Objective 2 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Explain Database Management Systems Objective 3 explains database management systems. Objective 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

The Tools of the Trade Creating a Database A database management system (DMS) is software used to create and manage data in a database Examples: Microsoft Access MySQL Microsoft SQL Server Oracle FileMaker Pro A database management system (DBMS) is the software used to create and manage the data in a database. Microsoft Access, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, and FileMaker Pro are all examples of database management systems. Objective 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

The Tools of the Trade Creating a Database Data dictionary Defines data fields and types of data Data type Defines the kind of data to enter into a field Data normalization Reduces data redundancy Reduces the size of the database Easier to keep records up to date Increases query speed To create a database, start by creating a data dictionary that defines the fields and the data type each field contains. The next step is to normalize the data. This step eliminates data redundancy. Use data validation rules to reduce data-entry errors. Once the database has been designed, data can be entered. If you need to locate data with common fields, create a query using a query language. In the final step, create and print a report. Objective 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

The Tools of the Trade Data Validation Reduces data entry errors Prevents user from entering wrong type of information Data validation reduces data-entry errors by using validation rules, such as data type, data length, acceptable values, and required fields. Specifying the data type, such as text, number, or currency, prevents a user from entering the wrong type of information into a field. Objective 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

The Tools of the Trade Structured Query Language (SQL) A query language is used to ask questions in a database Structured Query Language(SQL) is the query language used in most DBMSs today SQL statements use relational keywords: SELECT WHERE FROM AND SQL is the most common query language used to create database queries. SQL statements use relational keywords: SELECT, WHERE, FROM, and AND. Ordinary users don’t need to be able to write complex SQL statements, but it is helpful to be able to understand them. Objective 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

The Tools of the Trade Output A DBMS is used to create reports, such as this future expenses report, based on the information in tables or queries. A report is both easy to read and easy to print. Objective 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Discuss Important Types of Information Systems Objective 4 discusses important types of information systems. Objective 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Data In … Information Out Office Support Systems (OSS) Also called office automation systems Software and hardware that improves productivity of employees Automates common tasks Microsoft Office Office support systems (OSS), also called office automation systems, include software and hardware that improve the productivity of employees by automating common tasks such as the exchange of information and management of documents. Objective 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Data In … Information Out Transaction Processing (TPS) Links multiple operations that make up a transaction Ensures all operations in transaction are completed without error Must pass the ACID test Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability Example: paying tuition bill A transaction-processing system (TPS) is an information system that links multiple operations that make up a transaction and ensures all operations in a transaction are completed without error. A TPS must pass the ACID test: atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. Objective 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Data In … Information Out Management Information Systems (MIS) Includes: Software Hardware Data resources Decision support systems People Project management applications Generates reports Creates “What-if” simulations Example: HR manager could use an MIS for hiring and recruiting A management information system (MIS) is an information system that includes software, hardware, data resources, decision support systems, people, and project management applications. An MIS has two important functions: generating reports and creating simulations of hypothetical scenarios that answer “what if” questions. MISs are typically used by midlevel managers. Objective 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Data In … Information Out Decision Support Systems (DSS) Helps make decisions when there is uncertainty about outcomes Example: local business wanting to expand A decision support system (DSS) is an information system designed to help make decisions where there is uncertainty about the outcomes. An example is a local business wanting to expand nationally and analyzing the profitability of doing so. Objective 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Data In … Information Out Business Intelligence (BI) and Big Data People, hardware, and software that support data- intensive applications Data mining Data warehousing OLAP DSSs Big data Simply means the collection of large amounts of data from multiple sources Business Intelligence (BI) tools are applications that are used to analyze data in information systems to help make decisions. BI applications include data mining, data warehousing, OLAP, and decision support systems. Objective 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Data In … Information Out Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence Branch of science concerned with making computers behave like humans Expert system Programmed to make decisions in real-life situations Knowledge base: expert knowledge Inference engine: set of rules Example Chess program Deep Blue Diagnosing diseases Artificial intelligence is the branch of science concerned with making computers behave like humans. An expert system, an information system programmed to make decisions in real-life situations, simulates the judgment and behavior of a human expert. It consists of two parts: a knowledge base and an inference engine. A knowledge base contains expert knowledge. An inference engine is a set of rules. An example of an expert system is diagnosing diseases based on symptoms. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Objective 4 <#>

List Examples of Databases Used in Law Enforcement and Research Objective 5 lists examples of databases used in law enforcement and research. Objective 5 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Real-World Databases Law Enforcement Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) Contains DNA profiles Five indices: Forensic, Arrestee, Detainee, Offender, and Missing Persons Many industries rely on databases for critical information. Law enforcement uses powerful databases. Objective 5 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Real-World Databases Law Enforcement Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) Largest criminal and civil biometric database Maintained by FBI Used by local and federal law enforcement Fingerprints, mug shots, criminal histories, physical characteristics The Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), the largest criminal and civil biometric database. IAFIS is a national fingerprint and criminal history system maintained by the FBI and used by local and federal law enforcement. Objective 5 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Real-World Databases Science Human Genome Project (HGP) U.S. Department of Energy National Institutes of Health Ran from 1990 to 2003 Data is used for: New technologies Agriculture Energy production Environmental science Medical research The Human Genome Project (HGP), which ran from 1990 to 2003, was a project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. When the project began, the technology to store and analyze data did not exist and the field of bioinformatics was born. The data collected and analyzed from the project are being used in the development of new technologies, agriculture, energy production, environmental science, and medical research. Objective 5 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Real-World Databases Science Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Combine layers of geographical reference information about the Earth’s surface Eight primary layers: Aerial photographs Elevation Geographic names Hydrography Boundaries Transportation Structures Land cover Geographic Information Systems (GIS) combine layers or data sets of geographical reference information about the Earth’s surface. The U.S. Geological Survey has created the National Map, which is available to the public on the web at nationalmap.gov. The National Map includes eight primary layers: aerial photographs, elevation, geographic names, hydrography, boundaries, transportation, structures, and land cover. Municipalities use GIS to design emergency routes, locate waste management facilities, and plan future developments. Objective 5 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. <#>

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Questions Are there any questions? Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.