What does the term “Wild West” mean to you and why? tAKEDOWN What does the term “Wild West” mean to you and why?

Closing the Western Frontier The Wild West Closing the Western Frontier

Cultures Under Pressure 250,000 Indians lived in region west of Mississippi River Diverse Cultures Pacific Northwest: Klamath, Chinooks, Shasta New Mexico and Arizona: Pueblos and Navajos Plains Indians: Sioux, Blackfeet, Cros, Cheyenne, Comanches Native Americans and Settlers Views on land

HOMESTEAD ACT of 1862 The Union used the following as a strategy to keep Southerners from fighting, the Law stated; Any U.S. citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. Government could file an application and lay claim to 160 acres Government land. For the next 5 years, the homesteader had to live on the land and improve it by building dwelling and growing crops. After 5 years, the homesteader could file for their deed by submitting proof of residency and the required improvements to a local land office.

Threatened by Advancing Settlers President Jackson: Trail of Tears “Great American Desert” 1834: law regulated trade and access of white settlers 1850s: gold and silver discovered in Indian Territory 1860s: reservations created Separate areas set aside by the government for Indians’ use Diseases introduced and Buffalo herds destroyed Colorado Gold Rush (1859)

Rebellion and Tragedy on the Plains Rapid industrial development + expansion = collision course for Native Americans and white settlers Sioux Indians resisted threats to land rights by attacking settlement in Eastern Minnesota Response: U.S. government waged war Sparked attacks on settlements and stagecoaches

“Kill and scalp all, big and little!” Sandy Creek Massacre: Fall 1864 – Colorado Militia came upon unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho Troops killed men, women and children despites N.A. efforts to signal friendship Colonel John Chivington “Kill and scalp all, big and little!”

Fetterman Massacre Plains Indians upset federal government planned to build road through Sioux hunting ground Red Cloud ambushed Captain William Fetterman and killed him Impact: called government’s Indians policy questioned United States Peace Commission

Peace Plans Fail Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 Effects: Pacify Sioux and gain land Government build road N.A. live on reservations with support from gov’t Effects: N.A. left reservations Indian agents stole or had no support

Takedown Why did we start the year off with the Native American story and are now finishing it in the same way? (talking about the impact that Europeans and now white Americans have had on them)

Red River War Attack by Indians on Texans in June 1874 Ended June 1875 after the Comanche surrender Impact defeat Plains Indians End buffalo herds Open land to settlement U.S. fails to enforce 1867 Treaty

2nd Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868) Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek (1867) Reservation Policy 2nd Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868) Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek (1867) Native Americans placed on smaller areas of land. Disliked policy so many left. Government officials would often steal or would not have enough help to maintain reservations.

Gold Found in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory! 1874

Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Very well liked Native American leader. Led Charge at Little Bighorn. Surrenders after Battle of the Little Bighorn Belonged to Lakota Sioux. Lived by hunting a buffalo. Famed fighter was a war chief. Trained as a holy man. First ever chief of all seven bands.

George Custer Colonel killed at Battle of Little Bighorn after arriving a day too early.

Battle of the Little Big Horn June 1876 Custer arrives 1 day ahead of main forces Custer and 250 men came upon 2,000 Indians Crazy Horse led charge Revenge to track down Indians Sitting Bull escapes but Crazy Horse surrenders

Assimilation (Americanization) DEFINITION: The process of being immersed and adopted into the main culture of white society. Ethnocentrism… a belief that one’s own ethnic group is superior to other ethnic groups, which justified assimilation.

“I will fight no more forever!” Chief Joseph and Nez Perce: Led a group of refugees on trek to Canada. Stopped short of border and surrendered. Went to Washington DC to help his people. Chief Joseph “I will fight no more forever!”

Carlisle Indian School, PA Dawes Act (1887): Assimilation Policy No Indian nation or tribe within the U.S. would be recognized as an independent nation, tribe or power with whom the U.S. may contract by treaty Carlisle Indian School, PA

Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 1890 Ghost Dance: Religious revival. Ritual would banish white settlers and restore buffalo in the Plains

Wounded Knee What happened: Arrest Sitting Bull In confrontation Sitting Bull and others killed Troops sent after N.A. as they fled. Big Foot surrendered. 100 men, women and children killed while disarming them at Wounded Knee Creek IMPACT: sealed Native American’s demise…Ended the Indian Wars

Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Body Wounded Knee, SD, 1890

Indian Reservations Today

A Century of Dishonor (1881) Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor (1881)

Omaha Indian  lecture tour on Native American issues in the 1870s Susette La Flesche Omaha Indian  lecture tour on Native American issues in the 1870s

Crazy Horse Monument: Black Hills, SD Lakota Chief

His vision of the finished memorial. Korczak Ziolkowski, Sculptor Crazy Horse Monument His vision of the finished memorial.

Mt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SD

Custer’s Assimilation Americanized Dawes Culture Transcontinental Ethnocentrism Little Bighorn Wounded Knee Irish & Chinese American/White Indian ________________________is the belief that one’s own ethnic group is superior to other ethnic groups. ______________________was the U.S policy of asking the Native Americans to give up their __________________and way of life in order to become part of the _____________________ culture. During the 1860’s, a __________________________ railroad was constructed mainly using the labor of _____________________. It was connected at Promontory Point Utah. The ___________________ Act was a bill that “____________________________” Native Americans by granting individual acres of land and requiring schooling. With ____________________ defeat at the Battle of _________________________, the U.S Government increased military action against the Native Americans. The Massacre at ____________________ was the end of the _____________________ Wars.

The Massacre at Wounded Knee was the end of the Indian Wars. Custer’s Assimilation Americanized Dawes Culture Transcontinental Ethnocentrism Little Bighorn Wounded Knee Irish & Chinese American/White Indian Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own ethnic group is superior to other ethnic groups. Assimilation was the U.S policy of asking the Native Americans to give up their Culture and way of life in order to become part of the American/White culture. During the 1860’s, a Transcontinental railroad was constructed mainly using the labor of Irish & Chinese. It was connected at Promontory Point Utah. The Dawes Act was a bill that “Americanized” Native Americans by granting individual acres of land and requiring schooling. With Custer’s defeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn, the U.S Government increased military action against the Native Americans. The Massacre at Wounded Knee was the end of the Indian Wars.