1/14/09 Warm-up: Convince me that you are alive. You must have ALL of the 8 criteria for life. Write each of them down and check them off to be sure that you are, indeed, living!

The four major biomolecules Organic molecules part 1

What are we going to learn? SB1.c Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).

ATOMS ATOMS Building blocks of matter teeny tiny!- billions can fit on the head of a pin Made up of protons, neutrons & electrons ELEMENTS Made up of one type of atom Ex. O, H, Fe -anybody know what these symbols represent? Elements of Life 96%  Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N) ATOMS

COMPOUNDS Formed when elements combine ex. CO2, NaCl MOLECULE Compound held together by covalent bonds (shared) ex. H2O

Organic vs. Inorganic All compounds can be separated into two groups: Doesn’t contain carbon Non-living Examples: Oxygen gas, metals, rocks, water Organic Contains carbon Living (or dead) Examples: wood, grass, petroleum

Organic Chemistry Carbon: very versatile **can bond to many different elements **can bond to other C atoms **form covalent bonds **can form single, double, triple bonds **can form a chain or ring Carbon compounds: 4 found in all living things: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

More Must Knows! Monomers: one unit of a compound -smaller, simple molecule that can join together to form larger molecule Mono = single; mer = part Polymers: many monomers combined -complex molecule formed when 2 or more monomers combine poly = many Macromolecules -Many large molecules combined -Formed by polymerization - carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

Biomolecules They are the foundation for the structure and function of every living cell in every organism. They are the building materials and the storehouse for energy.

Carbohydrates AKA Carbs A carbohydrate is a simples sugar or a molecule composed of two or more simple sugars. It is composed of Carbon (C) , Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) in a ratio of 1:2:1.

More than one class... Monosaccharides are a single sugar molecule. An example is glucose.

More than one class .... Polysaccharides are long straight or branched chains of hundreds even thousands of sugar molecules in length. -examples: starch, cellulose

Lipids Organic molecules that have more carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds and fewer oxygen atom than carbohydrates. Commonly called fats, oils and waxes. Lipids do not dissolve in water due to the nonpolarity of the lipid molecules. So you need a little bit of soap

What? We want fats? Used for long term energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings. Major component of plasma membranes.

And so do plants? Waxes are long chains of fatty acids attached to an alcohol. Cutin is a wax that helps plants retain water.

Monomers of Lipids are fatty acids: -saturated fats = butter (main cause of high blood pressure) -trans fats = margarine, beef, pork (raise cholesterol levels) -unsaturated fats = nuts, olive oil -polyunsaturated fats = fish, cooking oils (may help lower cholesterol) Which type is best for you? worst?

Proteins Large complex polymers They are composed of amino acids made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Monomers are amino acids There are 20 different amino acids that combine in different ways to make millions of proteins Carboxy group (-COOH) & amino group (NH2) The most diverse macromolecule Functions Control the rates of chemical reactions (enzymes) Regulate cell processes Used to form bone & muscles Transport substances into or out of cells to help fight disease Part of the cell plasma membrane Examples: collagen, enzymes, hemoglobin, insulin, and antibodies

Nucleic acids Made of C, H, O, N, & P Monomers = nucleotides Functions Nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen base 4 types of nucleotides Functions Store & transmit hereditary information Two types RNA (ribonucleic acid) –in nucleus and cytoplasm DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) –in nucleus

Nucleotides are pretty useful... Are the structural units of adenosine phosphates (ATP, NAD+, NADP+), nucleotide coenzymes, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)