The Cell

Robert Hooke 1665, English Viewed cork and saw cells cellulae Named after monastery cells

Cell Theory 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of life. 3. New cells are reproduced from pre-existing living cells

Two types of cell structure Simple/Prokaryotic cells Complex/ eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic Cells “pro” : before “karyon” : nut No nucleus Cell walls No organelles DNA is in the center Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms (Domain Archae and Domain Bacteria)

Eukaryotic Cell “eu” : true True nucleus DNA is in the nucleus Has organelles

Prokaryote & Eukaryote Similarities Cell membrane A membrane layer that separates the interior of a cell from the outside; protects the cell Cytoplasm Clear, gel-like substance inside a cell Genetic material DNA Ribosomes Make proteins

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Procedure 1. Peel the outer tissue layer of the onion. 2. Place on slide. 3. Add 1 drop of iodine. 4. Place cover slip on the onion slide. 5. View under the microscope. 6. Sketch the cells on looseleaf. 7. Label the nucleus

Passive Transport Review https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=video+of+osmosis+and+diffusion&&view=detail&mid=47C60CE4DC9346A95AB447C60CE4DC9346A95AB4&&FORM=VDRVRV plasma membrane video

Endocytosis & Exocytosis Active Transport video

Organelle video video

Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER: contains ribosomes on its surface Smooth ER: no ribosomes Ribosome: location where proteins are made

Golgi Bodies Membrane pouches throughout the cell Sorts, packages, and releases proteins Proteins exit the golgi by exocytosis

Lysosomes Small sacs (vesicles) that contain enzymes that help to digest and remove debris from the cell Enzymes: speed up a chemical reaction

Mitochodria Mitochondrion (singular): powerhouse of a cell Makes ATP (energy)

Mitochondria (continued) Cristae: the folded, fingerlike projections of the inner wall of the mitochondrion Cristae are important in making ATP

Centrioles Small paired cylindrical structures that help to pull apart the two halves when a cell divides.

Vacuole Storage organelle

Chloroplasts Only in plant cells Chloroplasts: organelles that contain stacks of chlorophyll Chlorophyll: green pigment where photosynthesis takes place

Photosynthesis The process by which light energy from the sun is transformed into glucose

Animal & Plant Cell Differences Plant: chloroplasts, large central vacuole, cell wall, autotroph Animal: no chloroplasts, small vacuoles, no cell wall, heterotroph

Autotroph: organisms that make their own food supply Heterotroph: organisms that cannot make their own food supply

Cellular Respiration A process in the mitochondria that transforms food energy into ATP. ATP: the basic unit of energy in a cell Adenosine Triphosphate

Cell Cycle Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells multiply in different ways Binary Fission: (Prokaryotes); the cell simply splits into two new cells Paramecium binary fission

Cell Cycle (cont) Cell division: (Eukaryotes) the cell divides into two or more cells and includes mitosis Mitosis video Mitosis song

Unicellular & Multicellular Organisms Unicellular: single-celled organisms that function wholly and independently from other organisms Multicellular: organisms that are made up of many cells. All prokaryotes are unicellular. Eukaryotic organisms can be unicellular of multicellular

In Multicellular Organisms

Strawberry DNA extraction