EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA Unit 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

Essential Question #1 – How did the Old World and New World interact Essential Question #1 – How did the Old World and New World interact? (Mercantilism, 3 G’s, Columbian Exchange and Triangular Trade)

THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, AND EUROPE – Day 1 Ancient Cultures arrived about 22,000 years ago via a land bridge Earliest settlers were hunters Agriculture thrived starting about 5,000 years ago Some Natives remained Nomadic Maya, Aztec (Mexico), and Inca societies flourished

NATIVE AMERICANS IN 1400S Native American societies in North America were as varied as the geography The Pueblo (SW) and Iroquois (NE) were two famous tribes Most of the tribes in America had common religious views, trade patterns & values

WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400S Long established, sophisticated societies existed in Western Africa The Kingdom of Songhai controlled trans-Sahara trade Kingdom of Benin and Kongo were two famous dynasties Village and family bonds formed the basis of life

EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400S European villages had a long tradition of social hierarchy – complete with nobles, merchants & peasants Christianity played a critical role – religious leaders had power The Reformation in the early 1500s led to a split in the church Martin Luther

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION The countries of Portugal, Spain, France and England explored in the late 1400s for God, Gold, and Glory Improved mapmaking, better sailboats, compasses, astrolabes, Prince Henry– all led to better exploration

European Nations Claim Land -The “new” land began to be claimed by European countries. -This process is called colonization, when a more powerful Nation controls another area of the world. -This meant they could grow crops, bring back resources like silver and gold, and expand their territorial control of the world.

IMPACT OF COLUMBUS On Africans- Before slave trade ended in the 1800s, 10 million Africans taken On Europeans- Biggest voluntary migration in world history On Trade- Columbian Exchange meant new goods & products flowed between continents

Columbian Exchange Period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases, and technology. Impacted the social and cultural makeup of both sides.

The Columbian Biological Exchange Old World to New World: New World to Old World: Diseases: Smallpox Measles Chicken Pox Malaria Yellow Fever Influenza The Common Cold Syphilis

The Columbian Biological Exchange Old World to New World: New World to Old World: Animals: Horses Cattle Pigs Sheep Goats Chickens Turkeys Llamas Alpacas Guinea Pigs

The Columbian Biological Exchange Old World to New World: New World to Old World: Plants: Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Manioc (Tapioca) Guavas Avocados

Columbus Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aF_unlvjccA&t=1s

Homework Using your digital textbook complete the following: ****BE SURE TO WRITE THE QUESTION AND ANSWER IN YOUR NOTEBOOK. Page 25: Review the Columbian Exchange Infographic and complete questions. Page 30: Chapter Assessment: Complete the following: Focus Questions: 6-9 Critical Thinking: 10, 13, and 14

Geography Essential Question: How do colonial regions compare and contrast socially, politically, and economically? (New England, Middle, Southern)

Colonies New England: New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts. Middle: Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York Southern: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Maryland

EARLY BRITISH COLONIES Beginning in the early 1600s, the English established colonies along the eastern coast of North America 1607: Jamestown was first to be settled John Smith led this group of settlers Colony struggled at first, then was saved by Tobacco crop

PURITANS CREATE A “NEW ENGLAND” The 16th century Reformation caused a split in the Christian Church; Catholics and Protestants Pilgrims – (Separatists) 1620 One extreme group of Protestant reformers – the Puritans sought to cleanse or “purify” their religion of all traces of Catholicism PURITAN and “PILGRIM”

New England Colonies https://app.discoveryeducation.com/learn/videos/f5da1f61-83a9-46a8-a6a8-ed8880288095?hasLocalHost=false

MAYFLOWER COMPACT The compact brought an element of democracy to America and was an example of the practice of self-government in the colonies. It established male, majority rule.

THE COLONIES COME OF AGE New England, Middle Colonies, and the South – all developed distinct economies and societies In the South, rural Plantations with a single cash crop were common Small Southern farmers (Germans, Scots, Irish) and African slaves made up the majority of people Southern Plantation

Southern Colonies https://app.discoveryeducation.com/learn/videos/7B48C620-61F4-4A1E-8EF2-16398FBC2E02?hasLocalHost=false

Middle Colonies https://app.discoveryeducation.com/learn/videos/BE744C90-A4EB-4B8F-AB49-7787DF5EA782?hasLocalHost=false

Vocabulary Quakers Mercantilism Puritans Joint-stock Company Pilgrims Indentured Servants Cash Crop Plantation system Mercantilism Joint-stock Company Magna Carta Mayflower Compact English Bill of Rights

Why did they come? Review Overpopulation: England was becoming overcrowded so many saw the colonies as a less-crowded land. Religion: Unhappy with religious practices and rules, people looked to America as a place to plant the seeds of their own version of Christianity. Economic Incentive: new place, new land, new beginnings, and new opportunities.

The House of Burgesses The House of Burgesses (Virginia), the first legislative assembly in the American colonies, held its first meeting in the choir at Jamestown Church in the summer of 1619. Jamestown Church Burgesses were elected representatives. Only white men who owned a specific amount of property were eligible to vote for Burgesses.

Building the Bay Colony (Mass.) Who could vote in the town government? In town government, all property-owning males could vote in town meetings Since the idea of government was to enforce God’s laws, religious leaders were very influential Protestant work ethic, limited worldly pleasures, fear of hell

Role of Women

ENGLAND’S COLONIES PROSPER Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, more British Colonies were established By 1752, the English Crown had assumed more & more responsibility for the 13 colonies Mercantilism & Navigation Acts were two such ways that the English government controlled the colonies King George III

NAVIGATION ACTS 1651- England’s Parliament passed a series of laws known as the Navigation Acts These laws restricted the colonies shipping & trade Ships, destinations, crews, goods: All strictly regulated by the English The colonies were developing a spirit of self-determination. Therefore, they were NOT happy with these restrictions

Colonies can export certain products ONLY to England The Navigation Acts No country can trade with the colonies unless the goods were shipped in either colonial or English ships All vessels must be operated by crews that were at least ¾ English or colonial Colonies can export certain products ONLY to England Almost all goods traded between the colonies and Europe had to pass through an English port

Essential Question: How did freedom of religion develop in the colonies? Pilgrims and Puritans Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson Maryland and Act of Toleration Religion

We want religious freedom Not only did the Separatist groups, like the Pilgrims, break away from the Church of England, they wanted religious freedom. We want religious freedom

The Great Migration Catholic King James I was oppressing Puritans in the 1620’s Puritans feared that their children were losing their way and leave to the New World

Roger Williams Roger Williams believed you should tolerate other people’s beliefs in God. He left Massachusetts and started a colony, Providence, Rhode Island.

Anne Hutchinson Anne Hutchinson was a woman who believed you could go directly to God so you could pray to God without going through a priest. She moved to Providence with Roger Williams and started the Rhode Island Colony.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFl8ltR8m18 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0zEEMMxQT8 https://app.discoveryeducation.com/learn/videos/96f1508c-40a3-4879-a8f9-b8cef012fcd6?hasLocalHost=false

Influences on Religion Judaism and Christianity, two religions of the Middle East, provided moral guidance and helped people understand their place in the world. Basically, the beginning of civilization influenced religious practices.

Maryland In 1649, Catholics threw their support behind the Act of Toleration, which was passed by Maryland's assembly The law guaranteed toleration to all Christians, but decreed death to those who denied divinity of Jesus (Jews, atheists)

Religion: Diversity Tolerance? Henretta, America’s History 5e from http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral

American Colonies at the End of the Seventeenth Century Roark, American Promise 3e from http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral

Population: Rapid Growth

Population Growth Martin, America and Its Peoples

Population: Ethnic & Racial Diversity Roark, American Promise 3e from http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR Competition in North America led to a war (1754-1763) between old rivals France and England The French in North America were tradesmen (furs) not long-term inhabitants Ohio River valley was the site of the conflict The Colonists supported the British while the Natives supported the French

PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763 To avoid further costly conflicts with Native Americans, the British government prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains The Proclamation established a line along the Appalachian that colonists could not cross (They did anyway)