Prologue: The Rise of Democratic Ideas

Journal Can large groups govern themselves without a powerful ruler? Why or why not?

Influence on Democracy Prologue Section 1 Greek Leader Role in Developing Democracy Solon 2. Cleisthenes 3. Pericles Important Principles Written Legal Codes Roman Laws Influence on Democracy

Journal Discuss with a classmate and then write about the positive and negative aspects of a direct democracy vs. an indirect democracy.

Sec. 2 Judeo-Christian Tradition

Discuss What do you know about Judaism, Christianity, and Islam?

Judaism Early history of the Jews (Hebrews) is in the Torah (1st 5 books of the Bible) Leader of the Jews = Abraham Polytheists = more than one God + sacrifices to please them Jews = one God + moral life

Judaism Humans are created in God’s image Each person has worth just by being a child of God Moral freedom = choose between good and evil Written code of laws = Ten Commandments = given to their leader Moses by God Oppose injustice, oppression, poverty

Discuss Ten Commandments Primary Source

Christianity Judea (ancient Palestine) is occupied by Romans when Jesus is born (4 B.C.) His teaching goes beyond Ten Commandments Love everyone Repent to have eternal life According to followers he rises from the dead 3 days after crucifixion

Christianity Paul, a disciple of Jesus, helps spread Christianity Tells people he is the son of God and all humans are equal Romans send Jews into exile in A.D. 70 380 A.D. Christianity = official religion of empire Emphasized the worth of the individual and equality before God

Islam Develops in early 600s Based on teachings of Prophet Muhammad -> can be found in the Koran Brotherhood of all people Muslims are required to help those in need

The Foundation of Democratic Thinking Combat oppression The worth of the individual The equality of people before God

Renaissance and Reformation 1300s – cultural movement starts in Italy Classical Greek and Roman texts about govt. are studied Artists capture individual character (the importance of the individual) Explorers go to the Americas Encourages ideas about human achievement + potential -> the use of reason Roman Catholic Church has become the most powerful institution in Europe 1517 Martin Luther criticizes the selling of indulgences Protestants = want to reform Catholic Church + direct relationship with god -> individuals can interpret Bible for themselves -> question the power of the pope + monarchs -> salvation comes through faith in god

Democracy develops in England Section 3 Democracy develops in England

Reforms in Medieval England King Henry II (1154-1189) of England develops jury trial with a royal judge Common law – reflects customs and principles established over time King John raises taxes after war with France -> nobles force him to sign the Magna Carta -> guarantees basic legal rights for English people Due process of law = jury trial guarantee No taxes without consent of Parliament

Model Parliament King Edward needs money to pay for war with France He needs support Calls lords, knights, burgesses (important citizens) for a meeting to vote on taxes and reforms = Model Parliament House of Commons and House of Lords is created (Parliament)

Parliament Grows Stronger Votes on taxes, passes laws, advises on royal policies Kings throughout Europe in the 1600s claim their power comes from God (divine right)

Section 4: The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolutions

Journal 1. What did the Greeks value in humans? 2. How did the Christians contribute to democratic thought? 3. How did the Jews contribute to democratic thought? 4. Where do you think the belief in equal rights comes from?

Enlightenment Thinkers and Ideas Hobbes Locke Leviathan (1651) – people are selfish and ambitious -> need an absolute monarch Social contract – people agree to a powerful ruler to prevent disorder Two Treatises of Govt. (1690) – all humans have natural rights (life, liberty, and property) Rebel against govt. if these are not protected Govt. power comes from the people

Enlightenment Thinkers and Ideas Voltaire Rousseau Freedom of religion + speech The Social Contract (1762) – free individuals should create a govt. that responds to the people

Montesquieu Natural rights to freedom can be protected by dividing govt.

The Beginnings of Democracy in America American colonists help British defeat the French British Parliament taxes American colonists but there are no colonists in Parliament American Rev. Begins with Dec. of Independence Locke’s ideas influence the writers of the Dec. of Independence (July 4, 1776)

The Beginnings of Democracy in America Constitution (1787) Representative govt. Federal system = federal (central) govt. and state or local govts. Executive, legislative, and judicial branch

The French Revolution Louis XVI’s wife Marie Antoinette = unpopular Huge debt Commoners paid taxes Middle class is influenced by Enlightenment = freedom of speech + social contract American Rev. Louis XVI raises taxes Commoners form the National Assembly Draft Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Constitution – limited monarchy Bastille, prison in Paris, is taken over by protestors

The French Revolution Fails King, aristocracy, and many Catholics still have too much power Absolute monarchs throughout Europe attack France Reign of Terror – opponents of revolution are killed 1799 – Napoleon Bonaparte creates a dictatorship Equality was promised but not backed up

The Struggle for Democracy Continues United Nations (1945) Universal Declaration of Human Rights Worldwide standard for basic social, political, and economic rights

The Struggle for Democracy Continues 1990s – breakup of Soviet Union allows 15 new countries to rule themselves South Africa ends apartheid and establishes a democratic govt.