Sparta and Athens

Sparta and Athens A. Sparta: The Military Ideal Helots- people that were conquered B. Spartan Society Sparta had three social groups 1. equals- descended from the invaders 2. half-citizens- were free, paid taxes and serve in army no political power 3. helot-lowest group and became slaves of the Spartan city-state, Sparta's used force to control them because they outnumbered the Spartans C. Government in Sparta Sparta government had several parts

one king lead the army and the other took care of matters at home two kings were the head of the government one king lead the army and the other took care of matters at home the Council of Elders were made up of 28 male citizens over the age of 60, these council members were usually wealthily aristocratic men these guys proposed laws and served as criminal court assembly was final part of the government voted on accept the assembly had male citizens that were over 30 years old the assembly would vote on accepting or rejecting laws proposed by the Council of Elders the assembly also elect 5 ephors for one year terms Ephors- these guys were to keep the king stayed within the law and keep king in line

the ephors were in compete control over education for young Spartans D the ephors were in compete control over education for young Spartans D. Life in Sparta’s military society Sparta controlled the lives of its citizens from birth to death The goal was to make every adult male citizen part of the military machine. development of Spartan fighting men started at birth, a group of officials examine the newborn babies, any unhealthy baby was left to die at age of 7 boys left home to live in military barracks, military training formed the basis of their education, along with reading and writing 18 to 20 trained specifically for war at age of 20 Spartan male citizen started their military service

They were not allowed to enrage in any trade or business. they could marry but live at home until they 30 They were not allowed to enrage in any trade or business. men were available for military service and until 60 future wives and mothers of Spartan soldiers, Spartan girls also had to be strong and healthy, they received strict physical training and were taught to be devoted to the city E. Athens: The Birth of Democracy Athens developed totally different from Sparta Athens was in the most fertile areas in Greece, they turned to the sea and became sea traders Fy. Athenian society citizens formed the top group in Athenian society citizens were rich or poor farmers

Only Athenian born men, however, had full political rights Only Athenian born men, however, had full political rights. Female citizens could not vote or hold office. Metics- non-citizens these people were born outside of Athens, these people worked as merchants or artisans, they were free and paid taxes like the citizens, they could not take part in government or own land slaves were at the bottom of Athenian society slaves were people captured in war, owned by masters and treated as property In time, slaves and metics made up more than in half of Athens's population, G. Early Government in Athens the city-state had an aristocratic government

D citizens that owned land could hold office All adult male citizens met in an assembly the assembly elected generals in time of war They also elected 9 Archons, rulers who served one-year term. At first, Athens laws were not written down. Draco- first written law code around 621 BC Draco’s laws were so harsh and serve today we call a harsh law a Draconian law. more citizens were sold into slavery to pay debt back and in 594 BC Solon became archon and settles disputes between creditors and debtors by erasing the debts of the poor and outlawing slavery for debt H. Athenian Democracy Cleisthenes seized power in 507 BC he divided Athens's citizens into 10 tribes, then he had each tribe choose 50 men, these men formed the Council of Five Hundred

Members served one year and could not be chosen more than twice Members served one year and could not be chosen more than twice. The council proposed laws to the assembly, but the assembly had final say. the courts were more democratic Direct Democracy- all citizens participated directly in making decisions Representative Democracy- citizens elect representatives to govern for them II. Daily Life in Athens A. Athenian Economy most were farmers and grew olives, grapes, and figs Terracing- small plots of land from the hillside Athenian farmers were send to colonize other place and to spread Greek culture

Import- a good or service bought from another country or region Export- a good or service sold to another country or region Trade was the mainstay of Athens's economy. B. Home and Family Life most of the Athenian families lived in simple homes Athenians thought money should be used to build buildings so the whole community can use them and not for private use marriage and family was very important to the Athenians Parents always arranged marriages. Girl married young at age 13 or 14. A girl’s husband might be twice her age or older. The main purpose of marriage was to have children.

Despite such personal feelings, legally and socially Athenian but could women were considered inferior to men. They were citizens but could not own or inherit property. Pedagogue- male slave that taught boy manners C. Education and Military Service Education for boys Elementary schools- reading, writing, grammar, poetry, music and gymnastics there was a small fee Older boys studied Government, mathematics, ethics, and rhetoric this was started by Sophists in about 400 BC Ethics- deals with what is good and bad , and moral duty Rhetoric- the study of oratory, or public speaking, and debating

at 18 Athenian males received a year of military training. III at 18 Athenian males received a year of military training. III. Expansion of Greece A. The Persian Wars 500 BC the Greeks rebelled against the Persians Athens helped these city-states uprisings and this became a series of conflicts between Greece and Persia these were known as Persian Wars The wars were fought under Darius and Xerxes these were two Persian leaders Darius crushed the Greeks on Asia Minor and he want to punish Athens for helping the rebels Darius invaded the mainland of Greece and at Battle of Marathon the Persians were pushed back in 480 BC Xerxes lead Persians to Greece, but this time the Greeks united to stop the Persians

Battle of Thermopylae- the Spartans were outnumbered but held the pass and the other Greeks reorganized In 470 BC the Athenians and Spartans joined forces and defeated the Persians B. Results of the Persian Wars Greeks were free in Asia Minor, but Persian were still powerful Delian League- an alliance of city-states with Athens as leader C. Age Of Pericles Pericles was a great general, orator, and statesman he had public office from 461 BC – 429 BC during his time Athens was at its peak of power and wealth male citizens could hold office except lowest class

there was stability and prosperity D there was stability and prosperity D. Peloponnesian War Athens and Sparta were rivals the lasted for 27 years Athens was defeated in 404 BC after the war Greece was political unstable