Two Worlds: the Antebellum North and South

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Presentation transcript:

Two Worlds: the Antebellum North and South The Road to War Two Worlds: the Antebellum North and South

Four Main Causes sectionalism slavery tariffs state’s rights

Regional Specialization NORTH  Industrial SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

“At first the hours seemed very long, but I was so interested in learning that I endured it very well; when I went out at night the sound of the mill was in my ears…” - Northern Mill Worker “We want no manufactures; we desire no trading, no mechanical or manufacturing classes. As long as we have our rice, our sugar, our tobacco and our cotton, we can command wealth to purchase all we want.” - Texas Politician How do these quotes illustrate the differences developing between the north and the south? How can regional differences lead to conflict?

Characteristics of the Antebellum North Large population Urbanization – rapid growth of cities Primarily manufacturing Industries – steel mills, textile (cloth) mills, shipping Not dependent on imports or exports Expansion of Transportation – canals and railroads

tended towards federalism unskilled labor North Economic Social Political eNvironmental manufacturing rapid growth of cities mills free African Americans transportation steamboats clipper ships canals railroads factories immigrants abolitionists thin rocky soil strong central government jagged coastline natural harbors cold/moderate climate thick forest tended towards federalism

New England Dominance in Textiles

Textile Mill

Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

Characteristics of the Antebellum South Only a few large cities; small population; most people lived in rural rather than urban areas Primarily agrarian (farming); plantations; cash crops “Cotton Is King!” * 1860 5 mil. bales a yr (57% of total US exports) Few industries Inadequate transportation system Very dependent on exports of cash crops to North and Europe and imports of manufactured goods from factories in the North and Europe

free African Americans agriculture South Economic Social Political eNvironmental plantation owners plantations small farms yeoman cash crops cotton tenant farmers slavery transportation few rail lines river travel river boats transport people and goods slaves free African Americans wide rivers state sovereignty marshes swamps nullification mild winters wide coastal plains hot humid summers tended toward state’s rights

Southern Agriculture

Slaves Picking Cotton on a Mississippi Plantation

Characteristics of the Antebellum West Traded mostly with the North Linked to north by railroads, canals and rivers Small population Few people or towns Farming grew grain, wheat, corn Family farms Few to no slaves

Western Frontier

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

Slavery began in the English colonies (Jamestown, VA) in 1619 and continued in the U.S. until 1865 found in both the North and South in the 1600 and 1700’s by the middle of the 1700’s slavery continued mostly in the South as part of the plantation system 1808 became illegal to import enslaved persons into the U.S.

Impact of Slavery on Regions NORTH Illegal, abolitionists, and non-abolitionists SOUTH slaves were viewed as property WEST conflicts and balance of free vs. slave state

Southern Population

Southern Society (1850) “Slavocracy” [plantation owners] 6,000,000 The “Plain Folk” [white yeoman farmers] Black Freemen 250,000 Black Slaves 3,200,000 Total US Population  23,000,000 [9,250,000 in the South = 40%]

Slave-Owning Population (1850)

The ESP Causes of the War The Road to War The ESP Causes of the War

Four Main Causes sectionalism slavery tariffs state’s rights

Economic Causes: Industrialism and Tariffs Northern Economy – based on factories that produced a range if items such as clothes, iron, ships or household goods; growing immigration meant that there was a lot of cheap labor Southern Economy – based on plantations and farms which produced agricultural products such as cotton, tobacco and corn; depended on slave labor

Tariffs protective tariff – tax on imports to help local industries be more competitive raised money for national government made imported goods more expensive than American goods NORTH – protected American industry SOUTH – had to pay higher prices

Tariffs NORTH – was FOR TARIFFS imports would cost more than products manufactured at “home” in the north; factories would have an advantage over factories in England SOUTH - was AGAINST TARIFFS imported 90% of their manufactured goods; overall raised the prices of goods

Social Causes Slavery Constitutional compromises – as nation grew more people started to speak out against the institution of slavery and call for its abolition “Slavery…can and must be abolished, and you and I can and must do it. There is a higher law than the Constitution…” - William H. Seward Senator New York

Slavery: The Debate In the 1850’s Western lands began to open up to American settlement including Texas The debate over whether slavery should spread began to divide the country: NORTH – opposed the spread of slavery SOUTH – argued that each new state should be able to choose slavery if it wanted WEST – both for and against slavery

Political Causes State’s Rights Supremacy of the federal government SOUTH – believed in state’s rights argument based on the 10th Amendment – U.S. was a union of soverign states which had the right to judge if a law passed by Congress was constitutional; federal govt’s authority was limited NORTH – believed in supremacy of the federal govt argument based on the Supremacy Clause of the 6th Amendment; broad federal authority WEST – split on the issue

State’s Rights rights held by states that place limits on the implied powers of the federal (national) government over state governments

State’s Rights Belief in some southern states that the federal government could not tell states which laws to obey Southern states argued that each new western state should get to choose whether it allowed slavery Southern states also argued that states that were hurt by protective tariffs should be able to refuse to pay the taxes to the federal government

Nullification Crisis 1832 South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union if the federal government tried to collect tariffs in their state Used the doctrine of states’ rights to try to nullify the tariff laws

Nullification Crisis (Cont.) President Andrew Jackson urged congress to pass a law saying that he could use the army or navy to enforce the tariff law South Carolina backed down from their threat to secede and a compromise tariff bill was passed

Political Causes Sectionalism loyalty to one’s region or state, instead of the entire nation North vs. South vs. West

John C. Calhoun Southern Champion South Carolina Avid supporter of slavery as a southern institution and right Supported states’ rights States could exercise their sovereignty and refuse to obey or nullify a federal law within their borders Opposed high tariffs believed that they hurt the south Opposed the Wilmot Proviso Opposed the Compromise of 1850

Daniel Webster Defender of the Union Massachusetts Anti-slavery Anti-states’ rights Supported high tariffs Defended the supremacy of the federal government over the various state governments Supported Compromise of 1850 recognized the southern threat of secession as legitimate

Henry Clay The Great Compromiser Kentucky Opposed to slavery even though he owned slaves Gradual emancipation of slaves Did not believe in states’ rights, but he believed that the federal government should be more respectful of the states Missouri Compromise 1820 Compromise Tariff 1833 Compromise of 1850

“It is, Sir, the people’s Constitution, the people’s government, made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people. Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!” Daniel Webster Massachusetts “ The Union - next to our liberty, the most dear!” John C. Calhoun South Carolina

North South West center of manufacturing center of cotton production largely frontier contained only free states contained only slave states (4 million slaves) sparsely populated supported high tariffs opposed high tariffs Supremacy of the federal government – Based on Supremacy Clause of the 6th amendment State’s rights – based upon the 10th amendment U.S. a union of sovereign states which had the right to judge laws passed by Congress as constitutional Split on the issue of state’s rights but tended to side with the south broad authority of the federal government federal government authority limited Sectionalism – loyalty to one’s region or state instead of the entire nation