NCGE 2016 Cindy Bloom Marty Mater climate NCGE 2016 Cindy Bloom Marty Mater Michigan Geographic Alliance

climate Factors of Climates Around the World

climate Objectives for the teachers: Review 5 factors of climate Investigate student activities to teach students the factors of climate Use materials to meet student objectives

climate Objectives for students: (the student will) Describe 5 factors of climate Identify factors that might affect the climate by looking at locations on a map. Explain how climate factors influence a particular location

National Geography Standards: Physical Systems 7. The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth’s surface Michigan Content Expectations High School Geography: an Integrative, Disciplined Study A spatial perspective enables an individual to visualize, comprehend, and ask questions about why the human and physical systems occur in particular patterns and combinations, where they are on Earth’s surface, why they are there, and what are the consequences for people and the environment?

Michigan Content Expectations Grade 6 6 – G2.1.3 Describe the characteristics of major world climates 6 – G3.1.2 Explain the factors which cause different types of climates (e.g., latitude, elevation, marine and continental locations, and rain shadow effect). Grade 7 7 – W1.2.2 Explain the importance of the natural environment in the development of agricultural settlements in different locations 7 – W2.1.6 Describe pastoralism and explain how the climate and geography of Central Asia were linked to the rise of pastoral societies on the steppes. 7 – W3.1.2 Using historic and modern maps, locate three major empires of this era, describe their geographic characteristics including physical features and climates, and propose a generalization about the relationship between geographic characteristics and the development of early empires. (G)

Factors of Climate What might influence the climate of a specific place?

Factors of Climate LATITUDE CONTINENTALITY ELEVATION Most climates will have some combination of these factors. CONTINENTALITY ELEVATION MOUNTAIN BARRIERS/OROGRAPHIC EFFECT PREVAILING WINDS

LATITUDE - temperature This is a major control on temperature. Low Latitude (Tropical) climates are hot High Latitude (Polar) climates are cold Mid-latitude climates can be frosty or cold and snowy

(Tropical) climates are hot LATITUDE Low Latitude (Tropical) climates are hot EXAMPLES?

Some mid-latitude climates have frost in the winter but no hard freeze EXAMPLES? Coastal Climates

Some mid-latitude climates have at least one month below freezing. EXAMPLES? Continental Climates

LATITUDE High Latitude (Polar) climates are cold EXAMPLES?

December January February LATITUDE December January February ????   Latitude DJF (°F) JJA (°F) Verkhoyansk, a town in Siberia 67°N -49 55 Irkutzk, on the shore of Lake Baikal 52°N -1 61 Beijing, the capital of China 39°N 27 77 Shanghai, a large city in China 31°N 40 80 Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh 23°N 67 83 Bangkok, the capital of Thailand 14°N Singapore, an independent city-state 1°N 81 Darwin, on north coast of Australia 12°S 78 Sydney, on east coast of Australia 33°S 71 54 Wellington, a city in New Zealand 41°S 62 48 McMurdo, research lab in Antarctica 78°S 25 -12 What generalization can you make from the data in this table? How is the data arranged?

LATITUDE - precipitation Most deserts are found on the 30° latitude line north and south of the equator. This is because dry air descends and becomes warmer. The two colors on the map represent warm (red) and cold (pink) arid climates. Precipitation in other arid climates have different causes. EXAMPLES?

As latitude ______, the average annual temperature _________ LATITUDE - temperature As latitude ______, the average annual temperature _________ increases decreases LATITUDE - precipitation One cause for arid areas is the dry air which falls about ____ north or south of the equator. 30°

CONTINENTALITY-temperature Temperatures in the interior of a large land mass will change more with the seasons than the temperatures along the coast. Temperatures may be moderated by the ocean EXAMPLES?

Describe the pattern of temperature range CONTINENTALITY-temperature Temp. range°F 52 64 93 58 29 59 67 Same Latitude Dry land heats and cools much faster than water. Describe the pattern of temperature range from west to east.

CONTINENTALITY- temperature 29 52 64 59 93 67 58 As you go inland from a coast, temperature range tends to _____________ because _____________________________________ Increase Decrease increase There is less humidity in the air toward the center of the continent

Precipitation in the interior will decrease farther inland. CONTINENTALITY- precipitation Precipitation in the interior of a large land mass will decrease farther inland. EXAMPLES?

CONTINENTALITY- precipitation 28.8 inches 16 inches What is the difference in the amount of precipitation between Viborg and Krasnoyarsk? Why? Viborg -closer to coast; Karsnoyarsk–mid continent

CONTINENTALITY Water _________ the temperature. This causes ______ summers and ______winters. Continentality can __________ inland precipitation. moderates cooler warmer decrease increase/decrease

ELEVATION Generally, the higher the elevation, the cooler the temperature. Air expands as it rises Expanding air gets cooler As a general rule, temperature goes down 3-5° F when you go up a thousand feet.

Generally, the higher the elevation, the cooler the temperature. EXAMPLES?

Average Temperature in Fahrenheit ELEVATION Capital Country Elevation in feet Average Temperature in Fahrenheit January July La Paz Bolivia 12000 49 42 Quito Ecuador 9400 58 Bogota Colombia 8600 57 Brasilia Brazil 3500 74 71 Caracas Venezuela 3400 68 Santiago Chile 1800 69 Lima Peru 500 62 Asuncion Paraguay 400 83 64 Montevideo Uruguay 70 73 51 Buenos Aires Argentina 60 76 52 Cayenne Suriname 20 79 81 Paramaribo French Guiana 10 80 Georgetown Guyana 5 In a country close to the Equator, locating the capital in the mountains is advantageous because …..

Average Temperature in Fahrenheit ELEVATION Capital Country Elevation in feet Average Temperature in Fahrenheit January July La Paz Bolivia 12000 49 42 Quito Ecuador 9400 58 Bogota Colombia 8600 57 Brasilia Brazil 3500 74 71 Caracas Venezuela 3400 68 Santiago Chile 1800 69 Lima Peru 500 62 Asuncion Paraguay 400 83 64 Montevideo Uruguay 70 73 51 Buenos Aires Argentina 60 76 52 Cayenne Suriname 20 79 81 Paramaribo French Guiana 10 80 Georgetown Guyana 5 In the cities of Cayenne, Paramaribo and Georgetown, which of these two factors affect climate more – elevation or latitude? Defend your answer.

ELEVATION As elevation___________, the average annual temperature ________________ increases decreases

MOUNTAIN BARRIERS (orographic effect) This is not so much about mountains as their “rain shadow” effect on the areas down wind from the mountains.

MOUNTAIN BARRIERS Since all of the moisture is dropped in the windward side of the mountain range there is a dry zone on the leeward side  that can extend for hundreds of miles. EXAMPLES?

MOUNTAIN BARRIERS Rain shadow Effect 2 minute geology What direction do you think the wind is coming from? Why? Describe the windward side of the mountains.

MOUNTAIN BARRIERS Windward Side: Leeward Side: Moist, green Dry, less vegetation

resulting in coastal climates. PREVAILING WINDS Wind blowing across a large body of water onto land will moderate the temperature of the land resulting in coastal climates. EXAMPLES? Westerlies Polar Easterlies Easterlies

PREVAILING WINDS Polar Easterlies Westerlies Easterlies Easterlies Westerlies Polar Easterlies How would you describe the wind patterns relative to latitude?

World Climate Zones How have the westerlies affected the climate of Europe? Compare the climate of Europe with the same latitude on the eastern part of N. America.

WIND CURRENTS How might the wind direction affect the east and west coasts of southern Africa?

PREVAILING WINDS The Westerlies blowing across the ocean will moderate the climate on the ____________ side of the land. This will make the interior of the continent have a__________ range of temperature and precipitation. west higher higher/lower

that teach aspects of climate. Many activities in the Big Ideas resource include information and tasks that teach aspects of climate. Here are a few places you can find them: Here are three Big Idea activities that illustrate at least one factor of climate Australia Africa Russia China South America

Regions in North America

Elevation in South America

Area in Russia

Using the maps, choose which of these factors may affect the climate Factors of Climate APPLICATION LATITUDE Using the maps, choose which of these factors may affect the climate of each location. CONTINENTALITY ELEVATION MOUNTAIN BARRIERS PREVAILING WINDS

1. Find your location on the map. 2. Using prior knowledge and the following map, identify the factors of climate that might affect this location. 3. Explain a possible effect of the climate factors on the location.

that teach aspects of climate. Many activities in the Big Ideas resource include information and tasks that teach aspects of climate. Here are a few of them: Generalizations about Temperature in the WH (Australia) Climate in Africa - seasonal movement of the Equatorial Rainy Belt (Africa) Climagraphs along a Geographic Transition (Africa) Graphing a Geographic Transition (Africa) Generalizations about Temperature in the Eastern Hemisphere (Russia) Comparing Environments in China and the United States (China) The Effect of Land Size on Temperature Range (Russia) Elevation and Capital Location (South America)

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