US Foreign Policy Ch 19

US Foreign policy has historically been characterized by Isolationism Unilateralism Moralism Pragmatism Sometimes these conflict with one another Which of the following historical examples illustrate these?

Goals in FP Trade: promoting and/or regulating Defense: National Security Promoting US interests (other than the two above?) Promoting good relations? Cultural exchanges?

History overview 1783: US a fledgling country Early 1800s: US asserts itself Monroe Doctrine Mid 1800s: Manifest Destiny and Expansion War with Mexico 1846-48 Oregon Treaty 1846

1900s: US becomes a world power Imperialism: define Spanish-American war and follow-up war in the Philippines Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine Panama Canal

US becomes a world power World War I US stays out 1914-1917 Joins 1917: why? Ends Nov, 1918 Versailles Treaty Wilson hopes for collective security through League of Nations 1930s: trend toward isolationism World War II Causes What countries are on what side?

Post WWII Internationalism and Multilateralism (?) United Nations: www.un.org Purposes http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/preamble.shtml Structures General Assembly http://www.un.org/ga/about/background.shtml Secretary General http://www.un.org/sg/ Security Council: Who has power in it? http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/

Internationalism and Multilateralism UN Structures Economic and Social Council http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/index.shtml International Court of Justice Others http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/structure/index.shtml US Ambassador to UN: Susan Rice http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations UN Security Council Limitations of UN IMF: http://www.imf.org/external/about/overview.htm World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/0,,pagePK:50004410~piPK:36602~theSitePK:29708,00.html

Cold War Impedes international cooperation of UN Define Cold War: 1946-1991 US and allies vs. USSR and allies Ideological rivalry Communism vs. Democracy and capitalism No direct war Lots of proxy wars Competition for influence and dominance around the world Arms race Space race

Cold War terms and policies Containment Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan NATO and Warsaw Pact Fighting the Cold War is the backbone of US Foreign Policy 1945-1991

Cold War Nuclear Deterrence and MAD Vietnam War: Causes Détente (Pragmatism) Human Rights as a foreign policy goal (Moralism) UN Human Rights Declaration http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/

End of Cold War Reagan: amped up Cold War Mikhail Gorbachev provided military aid Arms build up: “peace through strength” Soviet Union was “evil empire” Mikhail Gorbachev Social and economic problems in USSR and Eastern Bloc HUGE Reforms: glasnost perestroika noninterference in allies’ reforms

End of Cold War Reagan and Gorby: disarmament meetings People power in Eastern European countries: communism ends Soviet Union also collapses End of cold war: now what? New goals needed

New Goals? Moralism, Pragmatism, Isolationism, Unilateralism: still? Internationalism/Multilateralism Combating terrorism Environment Human Rights Nukes: Which countries have them? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons NPT http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty International Criminal Court: http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/About+the+Court/

Who makes foreign policy? Checks and balances in duties of branches of gov’t Industry Media Public

The Executive Branch and Foreign Policy Making The President Preeminent in foreign policy and military policy Access to and control of information Commander in Chief of the military Departments of State: http://www.state.gov/ Foreign policy negotiations Embassies Economic Development

Executive Branch Department of Defense: http://www.defense.gov/ Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines Joint Chiefs CIA: collects and analyzes information and intelligence about foreign countries and events National Security Council Advises the president http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council

Executive Branch Agencies Department of Homeland Security Cabinet department created after the 9/11 attacks for domestic U.S. security Who’s head? http://www.dhs.gov/

Congress’s role in FP Oversight Appointments: hearings Appropriations: $$ Treaties Declaration of war Pass laws dealing with Foreign Policy

War Powers Act Passed by Congress in 1973 The president can deploy troops but Congress has to approve for longer If Congress does not, troops are limited to 60 days (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal)

The Military Industrial Complex The relationship U.S. armed forces and defense industries and government Military and defense industry officials work closely with legislators Economic clout Access to technical expertise and political information Personal and professional relationships are close http://www.sonyclassics.com/whywefight/main.html

The News Media Key participants in foreign and military policy formulation and implementation Roles: Reporting and investigation Agenda setting Influencing public opinion

The Public Public opinion on issues often divides into: Militarism/nonmilitarism Isolationism/internationalism Generally more interested in domestic rather than foreign affairs Public influences FP through Elections Widespread resistance or protests Polls Work in nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as Amnesty International

Middle East map

Middle East World War I impacts World War II impacts Cold War impacts Britain and France in the region World War II impacts Israel Cold War impacts Conflicts seen through “cold war glasses” Iran’s Shah is overthrown Islamic revolution Americans taken hostage

Middle East Carter Doctrine: US will keep Persian Gulf open; declared a US interest Iran-Iraq war US tries to find a friend in the region: Saddam Hussein Gulf War, 1991 Reasons Iraq took over Kuwait Results

Afghanistan The Soviet Union’s “Vietnam” Results map: http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/af.htm

9/11 What were the motives behind the attacks? Who was responsible? Why did the US go to war with Afghanistan afterwards?

War in Iraq Reasons for war? How have they changed as the war has gone on? US attempted to get UN Security Council’s OK Congressional vote to allow the use of force US attacks in March, 2003 Bush Doctrine: preemptive strike Questions: How many US troops are in Iraq? What is Obama’s policy? How many Americans have been killed? How many Iraqis? What are the ethnic/religious/political divisions in Iraq? What happened at Abu Ghraib (2004)?

More coming on Afghanistan Iran Iraq China Pakistan Israel

Read NY Times topics pages on China Russia North Korea Iran Iraq Pakistan Afghanistan Al Qaeda Taliban Yemen Israel Palestinians