Plantae

Distinguishing Characteristics All plants are multicellular All plants are autotrophic Some plants have specialized tissues called xylem & phloem All plants reproduce sexually, and a few can also reproduce asexually Very important to the balance in ecosystems because of their ability to create glucose, oxygen, and provide food & shelter to other organisms.

Method of Nutrition Completely autotrophic – *Even the plants that are referred to as “carnivorous” are autotrophic. Carnivorous plants still photosynthesize for their glucose, and get minerals/vitamins from the insects and small animals that they breakdown.

Method of Reproduction All plants reproduce sexually via sperm & egg Some plants also reproduce asexually * Roots - shoots & suckers * Stems - stolons, runners, rhizomes, bulbs, corms, or tubers *Leaves - plantlets

Asexual Reproduction in Plants Bulbs Sucker Plantlets Tubers Stolon

Sexual Reproduction in Plants Non-vascular - Liverwort Vascular Flowering Plant

The Good and the Bad Produce a large amount of oxygen for our biosphere Begin most food chains on our planet (exception – aquatic food chains that start with a photosynthetic protists) Provide shelter for other organisms Many have medicinal qualities that humans use Textiles & fabrics for clothing Building materials Breakdown & become soil Help prevent soil erosion Aesthetically pleasing Many are edible & are a direct way that humans can get energy (glucose) Introduced species can become problematic * definition on next slide Can cause disease/illness in humans and animals  Poison Ivy = Toxicodendron radicans

Introduced/Invasive Species Plants non-native to an area (don’t naturally grow there; are brought in). Can grow rapidly because there are no natural competitors in the new area. Example ~ Kudzu

Four Separate Groups of Plants Non-Vascular Vascular ~ have xylem & phloem for transporting water & nutrients mosses, liverworts, and hornworts Seedless plants Seed plants ferns, horsetails, and club mosses Nonflowering Gymnosperms Flowering Angiosperms

Non Vascular Plants Hornworts Mosses Liverworts Live in damp, dimly lit (=shady) areas. Have no specialized tissues (xylem or phloem) or systems (i.e. roots, stems, or leaves) that move water & nutrients throughout the plant. These plants depend on diffusion to move water between cells. & are therefore, very small. These primitive plants do not make pollen (a protective covering around sperm), so they have to live in moist areas for reproductive purposes. Hornworts Mosses Liverworts Monoclea forsteri Sphagnum flexuosum Phaeoceros laevis

Seedless Vascular Plants Because these plants have vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients, they can be larger than the nonvascular plants. Reproduce sexually. But still have to live in moist environments for sexual reproduction to occur because they do not make pollen. Similar to their nonvascular counterparts, these vascular plants produce spores as a result of sexual reproduction. Help form soil, help prevent soil erosion, help form communities in new ecosystems, some are edible by humans, vascular ancient ancestors created fossil fuels, and some are even used in dietary supplements, shampoos, and skin-care products. Horsetails Ferns Club Mosses

Seed Bearing Vascular Plants Has vascular tissue and more complex systems than their primitive relatives (ferns, horsetails, & club mosses). Can live in drier areas because the sperm cells of these plants are protected by pollen capsules. Sexual reproduction in this group produces seeds instead of spores. The pollen and seeds involved in the life cycle of seed bearing vascular plants allow for more genetic variation. Nonflowering Gymnosperms Flowering Angiosperms Lillum rubescens Monocots & Dicots Includes trees, shrubs, grasses, weeds, & many flowering plants For example: roses, apple trees, dandelions, corn, strawberries, tulips, & lilies) Pseudotsuga menziesii) Seeds are protected by cones (i.e. conifers, cycads, & ginkgoes)