New infinitives & how to use them in indirect statement!

To review: PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVES – 2ND PRINCIPAL PARTS HOW TO MAKE THEM PASSIVE: FOR 1ST, 2ND, & 4TH TAKE OFF THE –E & CHANGE TO –I HABĒRE >>> HABĒRI PUNIRE >>> PUNĪRI FOR 3RD & 3RD IO TAKE OFF –ERE & CHANGE TO –I MITTERE>>> MITTI CAPERE >>> CAPI TO BE _______________ ED

NEW INFINTIVES! THE PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE TO HAVE ______________ED GO TO 3RD PRINCIPAL PART & FIND PERFECT STEM MITTERE > MīSī> MĪS- TO THAT STEM, ADD –ISSE MīSISSE – TO HAVE SENT TO HAVE ______________ED As a complementary infinitive, it works well with debeō, debēre: Debeō donum mīsisse sed nōn id mīsī. I ought to have sent a gift, but I did not send it.

PERFECT PASSIVE INFINITIVE GO TO 4TH PRINICIPAL PART YOU ARE GOING TO MAKE A 2 WORD VERB FORM! USE THE PARTICIPLE IN THE NEUTER + ESSE (IF JUST INFINITIVE) MISSUM ESSE – TO HAVE BEEN SENT AMATUM ESSE - TO HAVE BEEN LOVED TO HAVE BEEN __________________ ED Why should the participle be neuter? Because infinitive if you are using them as “to ___” are considered neuter.

Future Active infinitive GO TO 4TH PRINICIPAL PART. CREATE THE FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE BY PUTTING –UR- BEFORE THE –US ENDING (OR –A OR –UM, ETC.): AMATUS – AMATŪRUS MISSUS – MISSŪRUS TO THIS PARTICIPLE, CREATE 2 WORD VERB WITH ESSE: AMĀTŪRUM ESSE – TO BE GOING TO LOVE MISSŪRUM ESSE – TO BE GOING TO SEND TO BE GOING TO _____________ IT IS EXTREMELY RARE TO USE THIS INFINITIVE OUTSIDE OF INDIRECT STATEMENT!

SYNOPSIS OF ALL THE INFINTIVES USING MITTERE: TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE PRESENT MITTERE TO SEND MITTI TO BE SENT PERFECT MISISSE TO HAVE SENT MISSUM ESSE TO HAVE BEEN SENT FUTURE MISSURUM ESSE TO BE GOING TO SEND WILL NOT LEARN UNTIL ADVANCED LATIN STUDIES

REVIEW – INDIRECT STATEMENT: Indirect statement – the basic formula Above the neck verb + accusative subject + infinitive Poeta putat puellam in Romā habitāre. The poet thinks that the girl lives in Rome. But now we have to learn a little more about how to translate indirect statement.

So far, indirect statement has been fairly easy. Why So far, indirect statement has been fairly easy. Why? Because we have only used present tense ABOVE THE NECK and a present tense infinitive. Poeta putat puellam in Romā habitāre. The poet thinks that the girl lives in Rome.

We have seen something like this a couple of times in the translation: Senex putāvit puellam in Romā habitāre. The old man thought that the girl lived in Rome. How is this different? Putāvit is perfect tense and it forces the infinitive to translate in the past tense as well!

There is a rule for why this happens in Latin: The INFINITIVES used in the indirect statement represent TIME in respect to the main verb! You already know that they don’t translate like real infinitives. Now that we know PERFECT infinitives and the FUTURE infinitive, we can express this time relationship!

So here is how it works: Main verb + accusative subject Present infinitive = SAME TIME as main verbs Perfect infinitive = TIME BEFORE main verb Future infinitive = TIME AFTER main verb

Now key in a main verb, let’s start with present tense: Present infinitive = SAME TIME as main verbs Perfect infinitive = TIME BEFORE main verb Future infinitive = TIME AFTER main verb Vir putat puellam The man thinks that the girl…

I put in all my infinitives that I could use: Vir putat puellam The man thinks that the girl… habitare habitavisse habitaturam esse

What do they mean? habitare (same time) lives habitavisse (time before) lived habitaturam esse (time after) will live Vir putat puellam The man thinks that the girl…

So the infinitives must be: Main verb – present habitare (same time) lives habitavisse (time before) lived habitaturam esse (time after) will live Vir putat puellam The man thinks that the girl…

habitare (same time) lives habitavisse (time before) lived habitaturam esse (time after) will live Vir putat puellam The man thinks that the girl… Why habitaturam?

habitare (same time) lives habitavisse (time before) lived habitaturam esse (time after) will live Vir putat puellam The man thinks that the girl… Has to agree with puellam!

So the various completed indirect statements are: Vir putat puellam in Romā habitāre. SAME TIME The man thinks that the girl lives in Rome. Vir putat puellam in Romā habitāvisse. TIME BEFORE The man thinks that the girl lived in Rome. Vir putat puellam in Romā habitāturam esse. TIME AFTER The man thinks that the girl will live in Rome.

But what happens if my main verb is past tense?!?!

Then your translations of the infinitives will change Then your translations of the infinitives will change. Notice the actual Latin infinitives are the same. The main verb is different. Vir putāvit puellam in Romā habitāre. SAME TIME The man thought that the girl lived in Rome. Vir putāvit puellam in Romā habitāvisse. TIME BEFORE The man thought that the girl had lived in Rome. Vir putāvit puellam in Romā habitāturam esse. TIME AFTER The man thought that the girl would live in Rome.

Never EVER try to do this: The man thought that the girl lives in Rome. This is a HORRIBLE translation in Latin and in English and you cannot do based on what the infinitives represent!

Exempla: Meus avunculus dicit suum agrum ab agricola coli. My uncle says that his field __________ by the farmer.