Chapter 16: Energy Sources Table of Contents Chapter 16: Energy Sources Section 16.1: Fossil Fuels

Fossil Fuels 1 Transforming Energy To use energy means to (A)transform one form of energy to another form of energy that can perform a useful function.

Energy Use in the United States Fossil Fuels 1 Energy Use in the United States More energy is used in the (B)United States than in any other country in the world.

Fossil Fuels 1 Making Fossil Fuels About (C)85% of the energy used in the United States comes from burning petroleum, natural gas and coal.

Fossil Fuels 1 Petroleum Most of these compounds are (D) hydrocarbons, which means their molecules contain only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. The chemical processes that produce petroleum as ancient organisms decay also produce (E) gaseous compounds called natural gas.

Fossil Fuels 1 Natural Gas Natural gas is composed mostly of (F) methane, CH4, but it also contains other hydrocarbon gases such as propane, C3H8, and butane, C4H10.

Fossil Fuels 1 Coal (G) Coal is a solid fossil fuel that is found in mines underground.

Fossil Fuels 1 Coal Now, only about one-fourth comes from coal. About 90 percent of all the coal that is used in the United States is burned by power plants to generate (H) electricity.

Fossil Fuels 1 Origin of Coal Coal (I) formed from the organic material that was deposited as the plants that lived in these swamps died.

Fossil Fuels 1 Origin of Coal (J1) Compared to petroleum and natural gas, coal contains more impurities, such as sulfur and nitrogen compounds. As a result, (J2) more pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, are produced when coal is burned.

Origin of Coal 1 (J3) Mining coal can be dangerous. Fossil Fuels 1 Origin of Coal (J3) Mining coal can be dangerous. (J4) Miners risk being killed or injured and some suffer from lung diseases caused by breathing the coal dust.

Generating Electricity Fossil Fuels 1 Generating Electricity

Nuclear Energy 2 Using Nuclear Energy In nuclear fission, an extremely (A) small amount of mass is converted into an enormous amount of energy by splitting atoms. Insert Figure 10 on page 263

Nuclear Energy 2 Nuclear Fuel As a result, the fuel that is used in a nuclear reactor is usually (B) uranium dioxide. Insert Figure 10 on page 263

Nuclear Energy 2 Nuclear Fission Insert Figure 10 on page 263

The Risks of Nuclear Power Nuclear Energy 2 The Risks of Nuclear Power (C) Nuclear power plants do not produce the air pollutants that are released by fossil-fuel burning power plants. The (D) mining of the uranium can cause environmental damage. Insert Figure 10 on page 263

The Risks of Nuclear Power Nuclear Energy 2 The Risks of Nuclear Power (D) Water that is used as a coolant in the reactor core must cool before it is released into streams and rivers. Insert Figure 10 on page 263

The Release of Radioactivity Nuclear Energy 2 The Release of Radioactivity One of the most (D) serious risks of nuclear power is the escape of harmful radiation from power plants. Insert Figure 10 on page 263

Nuclear Energy 2 Nuclear Fusion (F) nuclear fusion is the joining together of small nuclei at high temperatures. Insert Figure 10 on page 263

Renewable Energy Sources 3 Energy From the Sun (A) Solar energy is a renewable resource can be used for heat and electricity. Insert Figure 10 on page 263

Renewable Energy Sources 3 How Solar Cells Work (A1)Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells, are made of two layers of semiconductor materials sandwiched between two layers of conducting metal. Insert Figure 10 on page 263

Renewable Energy Sources 3 Energy from Water (B1) Just as the expansion of steam can turn an electric generator, rapidly moving water can as well. Insert Figure 10 on page 263

Energy from Water 3 Renewable Energy Sources Insert Figure 10 on page 263

Using Hydroelectricity Renewable Energy Sources 3 Using Hydroelectricity (B2) Bodies of water held back by dams can form lakes that can provide water for drinking and crop irrigation. The energy is (B3) cheap and doesn’t cause air pollution. A (B4) risk of dams is the loss of natural ecosystems. Insert Figure 10 on page 263

Renewable Energy Sources 3 Energy from the Tides Each day, (C1) the level of the ocean on a coast rises and falls continually. This movement is called the tides. Insert Figure 10 on page 263 (C2) As the tide comes in, the moving water spins a turbine that generates electricity.

Renewable Energy Sources 3 Energy from the Tides At low tide the water behind the dam flows back out to the ocean, spinning the turbines and generating electric power. (C3) No pollution is produced. Insert Figure 10 on page 263

Renewable Energy Sources 3 Energy from the Tides (C4) Only a few places on Earth have large enough differences between high and low tides for tidal energy to be a useful energy source. Tidal energy probably will be a limited source of energy in the future. Insert Figure 10 on page 263

Renewable Energy Sources 3 Harnessing the Wind (D1) Windmills can use the energy of the wind to generate electricity. (D2)Windmills produce little pollution. Insert Figure 10 on page 263

Renewable Energy Sources 3 Harnessing the Wind However, (D3) only a few places on Earth consistently have enough wind to rely on wind power to meet energy needs. Insert Figure 10 on page 263

Energy from Inside Earth Renewable Energy Sources 3 Energy from Inside Earth (E1) Heat is generated within Earth by the decay of radioactive elements. Insert Figure 10 on page 263 This heat is called geothermal heat.

Geothermal Power Plants Renewable Energy Sources 3 Geothermal Power Plants (E2) Electricity can be generated with little environmental pollution. (E3) Geothermal energy can only be used in areas where magma is close to the surface. Insert Figure 10 on page 263

Renewable Energy Sources 3 Alternative Fuels (F) Hydrogen gas is another possible alternative fuel. It produces only water vapor when it burns and creates no pollution. Insert Figure 10 on page 263