Photovoltaic Co-generation Group Members Trecia Ashman Paola Barry Zarina Zayasortiz Sponsored By: Duke Farms Sunny Power Corporation consists of the following members: Trecia Ashman Paola Barry Zarina Zayasortiz The project is sponsored by Duke Farms

Objective To develop a photovoltaic cogeneration system for Duke Farms in Hillsborough, NJ. In order to explore another method for the generation of electricity using a renewable resource.

Photovoltaic Co-generation Photovoltaic cells are used to harness energy from the sun. This energy can then be directly converted to electricity and be used to power your home or other facility. The way a solar cells works is that it harnesses energy from the sun. This energy can be directly converted to electricity. Since one cell is not enough to power a whole facility; the cells are then put together into modules, then the modules are put into arrays. The arrays are then grouped together to form panels. After the solar panels are put together, they are combined with an inverter and a meter. The co-generation part is achieved when the solar cells produce excess power, that power is then fed into the power grid. The electric company can then be billed.

Co-generation System A “parallel” system Role of Components: PV Panels Inverter Meter Power Distribution Grid 3-phase AC Power

Co-generation vs. Storage Converting to 3-phase AC Power Only supply residences on site Necessary storage amount Cost of storage

Gantt Chart This consulting firm’s first project is for Duke Farms in Hillsborough, NJ. The firm was consulted by the Farms because they wanted to convert to a renewable energy source. A large land area will be used in this project and Duke Farms’ will probably have a surplus of energy. This energy will be fed back into the power grid and the electric company will be billed for this. This process does not only apply to Duke farms but can be applied to other industries or households throughout the United States.

Answers From Duke Reasons for interest in project? Informal discussions  increase public awareness about photovoltaic solar energy conversion Constraints on potential locations? 2-4 acres on routes of tours (park areas preferred because of security) Different uses of electricity on site? Strictly employee housing, security lighting The firm decided to do the following in house : Market research and preliminary design Research and development Product/process/ service testing Assembly components Test final assemblies Distribute products Market directly to end users Train consumers, end users Consult on product / process / service License technology to others The firm decided to outsource the following items: Licensing technology from others Fabricate components Develop software Market to OEM distributors Provide after-sales service

PSE&G Specifications In order for the Co-generation system to be approved it must meet the following standards: The installation must comply with the provisions of the NEC Modules must be UL listed The maximum amount of sunlight available year should not be obstructed All solar array orientations are require that the estimated system output must be 75% of the default output estimated by PVWATTS The inverter must be certified as compliant with the requirements of IEEE 929 and with UL 1741

PSE&G Specifications The system needs the following visual indicators: On/off switch Operating mode setting indicator AC/DC overcurrent protection Operating status indicator Warning labels must be posted on the control panels and junction boxes indicating that the circuits are energized by an alternate power source

System Information

Map of Duke Farms

Tracking Options 2-Axis Tracking North/South & East/West Fixed Plate (static panel) 1-Axis Tracking North/South or East/West

20-kW System

40-kW System

50-kW System

Dimensions (L”xW”xD”) PV Benchmarking Data Company Model # Peak Power (Watts) Peak Voltage Dimensions (L”xW”xD”) Weight (lbs) Price BP PV/SX-60U 60 16.8 43.5 x 19.8 x 2.0 16 $389 Shell SQ80 80 17.5 47.2 x 20.8 x 1.3 16.7 $328 Sharp NE-80U1 17.1 47.28 x 20.88 x 1.38 18.74 $334

Meter Benchmarking Data Type Voltage requirement Warranty Power consumption Phase Net metering Cost Electric Meter Corp. 110-600VAC 20 yrs. ------ Single/3 phase No $425 Digi-Watt 90-140 VAC 5 yrs. 2 watts Single phase, 2 phase, or 3 phase $140 Shark 100 90-265 VAC ----- Yes $560

Tracker Benchmarking Company Model # of Modules Area (Sq. Ft) Retail Cost BP Solar BP 4170 6 81.8 $1,995.00 Shell Solar 85-P 12 82.8 $1,195.00 Sharp NE-80E1U 10 69 $1,975.00

Inverter Benchmarking PV Series Grid Tie Inverter GT500E Grid Tie Inverter GT100E Over- and under-voltage and frequency protection Anti-islanding protection - prevents back-feeding User definable power tracking matches the inverter to the array Adjustable delay periods Anti-islanding protection User definable power tracking Adjust delay periods GUI software Remote monitoring via telephone modem or web server Data acquisition and logging Isolation protection DC and AC over voltage protection

PV Capacity Rating (Watts) Required Area Module Efficiency (%) PV Capacity Rating (Watts) 100 250 500 1,000 2,000 4,000 10,000 100,000 4 30 75 150 300 600 1,200 3,000 30,000 8 15 38 1,500 15,000 12 10 25 50 200 400 16 20 40 80 160 320 800 8,000 Interpolation for 14% Efficiency Watt System Area Needed (ft^2) 11,200 1,058 28,200 2,578 50,000 4,528

Calculations The amount of solar panels needed is based on: Rated output wattage of the panel How long the panel is in the sun NJ gets 4.6 hours of sunlight Using 80 Watt panels Area of one panel = 6.76 ft2 Amount of area needed for 50kW system = 4528 ft2 1kW system = 1250kW-hr/yr Power generated per month from 50kW sys. = 5208kW-hr

Calculations (con’t)

Single pole mount/array Preliminary Designs Pyramid tripod design Fixed plate Single pole mount/array 1-Axis tracking

Mounting System

Support Specifications Cap: attaches to horizontal pipe to vertical pipe includes 3/8” hardware 2 U-bolts, 4 flange nuts, and 4 screws Severe Condition 4 zinc-plated welded steel Slider: attaches lower end of cross braces to rear legs and anchors both ends Includes 3/8” hardware 1 cross-brace bolt sized for pipe, 1 flange nut, and 4 set screws Mounting Clamps: attaches to vertical pipe to slider 6105-T5 Aluminum extrusion Pipe: infrastructure of the support 2” diameter ASTM A53B Schedule 40 galvanized steel

Items for Future Work 1 axis vs. 2 axis based on economics Available Space for Panels Cogeneration vs. Storage Gain in small battery storage New data received last night (10:47pm)

References PVWATTS Duke Farms Nrel.gov PSEG.com BP Solar Shell Solar Sharp Solar Metersusa.com Xantrex.com Department of EnergyGreenbuilder.com Howstuffworks.com

Questions