Enroute Charts and Procedures

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Overview Enroute Charts Symbols Obstacle Clearance Areas Routing Operations in Other Countries Preferred IFR Routes Mandatory Reports TEC Routes Other Clearance Types Facilities VOR Service Volume © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Enroute Navigation IPG 3-1 91.181 is the basis for the course to be flown Must fly the center of a federal airway or direct course between nav aids or fixes May maneuver in VFR Three strata: Lower – Base of Controlled to 18,000 feet MSL Middle – Identifiable jet routes – FL180 to FL450 Above – FL450+ is intended for random point-to-point navigation © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Enroute Charts JIC 5-3 Two different charts to be used depending upon your altitude: Low Altitude Enroute Charts aka L-Charts 17,999 MSL and below Airways are called “Victor Airways” High Altitude Enroute Charts FL180 to FL450 Airways are called Jet Routes © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. L-Charts JIC 5-3 We will mainly talk about L- Charts because most instrument training will happen in these altitudes High altitude charts have similar symbols, with slight changes The front panel shows the area the chart entails © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Navigational Aids JIC 5-5 VOR Symbol is a small compass rose, which points to Magnetic North You’ll notice the symbols are roughly the same as for Sectionals NDBs are roughly same as well © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Navigational Aids JIC 5-5 Fixes are labeled with 5 letters and given a triangle ILS Localizer symbols indicate that a fix can be identified with a Localizer Navigation Facility Information is given in a Box, roughly the same as a Sectional © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. DME and Radials JIC 5-7 DME information is given with a number inside a D shape Distance between fixes is a number between the respective fixes Radials are given in 3 number increments (e.g., 072, or 311) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Airports JIC 5-16 Can be either Brown, Blue or Green Green if Civilian with approach Blue if Military with approach Brown if Civilian with no approach © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Airspace JIC 5-16 Bravo is depicted by a large blue area © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Airspace JIC 5-16 Charlie is depicted by a large blue area with dashed lines © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Airspace JIC 5-16 Delta is depicted by a large blue area with a D in a box after the airport identifier © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Area Charts JIC 5-19 It may be necessary to have a large scale map of a heavily used terminal area These charts ease the transition from an L-Chart to the approach Will be depicted by green dashes © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Preferred IFR Routes IPG 3-2 Help pilots, dispatchers and ATC minimize route changes Efficient and orderly management of air traffic Published in A/FD (See Page 401) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Tower Enroute Control A/FD Similar to Preferred IFR Routes Used when going between cities within one large metropolitan area See A/FD page 422 for detailed explanation © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

VOR Standard Service Volumes IPG 3-4 © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Facility Monitoring IPG 3-4 Most VOR, VORTAC, ILS, NDB and Marker Beacon facilities are installed by the FAA and monitored by internal monitoring The facility will shut itself down when performance deteriorates below a specific tolerance The FAA will be notified remotely Always check NOTAMs for pre-determined outages © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. LF Airways IPG 3-5 Low Frequency Airways exist in Alaska NDB to NDB Navigation Most of these have disappeared in CONUS Labeled by something other than a “V” © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. VHF Airways IPG 3-5 Very High Frequency Airways exist throughout the CONUS VOR to VOR Navigation Labeled as either “V” (Victor Airway), or; “J” (Jet Route) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. GPS Airways IPG 3-5 Global Positioning Routes exist throughout the CONUS, as well GPS Navigation only Labeled as a “T” (Tango Route) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. GPS Airways L-Chart Global Positioning Routes exist throughout the CONUS, as well GPS Navigation only Labeled as a “T” (Tango Route) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

VHF Obstacle Clearance Areas IPG 3-6 Primary area of victor airways Each route is 8 NM wide (4 NM from centerline) Primary area is determined at a distance of 51NM from navigation aid at a width of 4.5 degrees Secondary area Extends an additional 2 NM from the centerline Begins 500’ above the route © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

VHF Obstacle Clearance Areas IPG 3-7 © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

VHF Obstacle Clearance Areas IPG 3-10 © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

VHF Obstacle Clearance Areas IPG 3-7 Protected area: 1000 feet above highest obstacle in non-mountainous terrain 2000 feet above highest obstacle in mountainous terrain May be reduced to 1700 feet under specific exemptions in Part 95 © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Designated Mountainous Areas IPG 3-8 © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Change Over Points (COPs) IPG 3-11 Normally at the midpoint between two routes If other radio frequencies interfere with route, then it is placed at the optimal point © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Navigational Gaps IPG 3-10 Airways may have a gap of navigational service but still be approved for navigation These are called MEA Gaps (we’ll get to this in a second) Use extra caution in these areas, and avoid if possible © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Altitude Planning Obj. Op. FAA requires all aircraft to fly at least the minimum published altitude In absence of a published altitude 1,000’ above highest obstruction in non-mountainous areas 2,000’ above highest obstruction in mountainous areas Based on heading From magnetic course of 0-179 odd altitude From magnetic course of 180-359 even altitude © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Altitude Changes IPG 3-20 “Climb Immediately” – ATC expects an immediate climb due to impending situation “Climb at Pilot’s Discretion” – Begin your climb when you wish, and level off if needed during the climb “Climb to…” – Climb at optimum rate until 1000’ of assigned altitude then transition to 1500 - 500 fpm until leveling off © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Types of Altitudes MEA – Minimum Enroute Altitude MOCA – Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude MRA – Minimum Reception Altitude MVA – Minimum Vectoring Altitude MCA – Minimum Crossing Altitude MAA – Maximum Authorized Altitude OROCA – Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude Lowest usable flight level © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Minimum Enroute Altitude (MEA) IPG 3-13 Minimum altitude for Obstruction clearance Navigational coverage Above floor of controlled Airspace by 300’ for transition areas 500’ in controlling areas Adequate communications at MEA is not guaranteed © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude IPG 3-13 Minimum obstruction clearance altitude between radar fixes or off routes Only guarantees navigational coverage within 22 NM of navaid Calculated based on required obstruction clearance rounded to nearest 100th © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Minimum Reception Altitude IPG 3-13 The lowest altitude which guarantees navigational and radio coverage For both on or off route altitudes May be higher than MEA © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Minimum Crossing Altitude IPG 3-13 Used when it is necessary to cross a fix at a specified altitude Distance is based on Up to 5,000’ MSL – 150 ft/NM 5,000’ – 10,000’ MSL – 120 ft/NM Above 10,000’ MSL – 100 ft/NM © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Maximum Authorized Altitude IPG 3-14 Maximum altitude aircraft can fly to be on a route Based on technical limitations or airspace limitations of route © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Off Route Obstruction Clearance Alt. IPG 3-13 Gives pilot minimum obstruction clearance but guarantees no radar, navigation, or communication coverage Must remain 3NM from restricted areas © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. IFR Route Planning IPG 3-12 On Route Planning A pilot must have navigation equip for route of flight GPS can be the primary means of navigation but cannot be the sole route of planning Routes are planning from fix to fix (Not airport to airport) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. IFR Route Planning IPG 3-12 Off Route Planning Plan from point to point (if you can go direct) Still plan to fix (not airport) Take all other altitudes into consideration If OROCA is higher than © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

IFR Cruising Altitudes IPG 3-15 91.159 issues altitudes for IFR flight If operating with a VFR-on-Top Clearance, PIC must use VFR altitudes © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Lowest Usable Flight Level IPG 3-16 As pressure decreases, so does the aircraft’s true altitude At 18,000 feet, everyone changes to 29.92 to fly Pressure Altitudes If flying at FL180, its possible that the aircraft may interfere with aircraft flying an MSL vs a Pressure Altitude 91.129 prescribes Lowest Usable Flight Levels for these reasons © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Operations in Other Countries IPG 3-17 May hear the terms QNE and QNH QNE is fancy for Pressure Altitude (AKA a Transition Level) QNH is fancy for True Altitude (AGL) (AKA a Transition Altitude) QFE is the Transition Height Also note that a transition layer exists If all of this confuses you, don’t worry about it! © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Nonradar Position Reports IPG 3-19 Some areas have no radar for specific altitudes, so ATC may be required to be informed of your progress throughout your flight Compulsory Reporting Points have been established to aid ATC in requiring pilots to report These points will be a normal fix or NavAid, but filled in Black © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Nonradar Position Report Format IPG 3-19 I Play The Accordion For Nothing, No Reason ID, Position, Time, Altitude, Flight type, Next eta, Next point, Remarks e.g., “Archer 282HP, Sidney, 15 past the hour, 9000, IFR, Akron 35 past the hour, Thurman next, rough headwind.” © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Mandatory IFR Reports IPG 3-18 MARVELOUS VFR 500 Missed Approach Unforecast Weather Approach Fix Inbound Speed Change from filed TAS 5% or 10 Knots (whichever is greater) Radio Failure (nav or comm) VFR-on-Top change in Altitude Vacating Assigned Altitude Fix or position report Entering Hold Revised ETA (error greater than 3 minutes) Leaving Holding Fix Other Information Related to Safety of Flight 500 fpm climb (unable) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Enroute Clearances IPG 3-20 Altitude Terminology “Maintain” – ATC expects the pilot to maintain specified altitude unless the pilot requests otherwise “Cruise” – ATC assigns a block of airspace to the pilot where he/she may climb or descend at their discretion However, once a pilot descends and reports leaving an altitude, the pilot may not climb back up unless he/she requests it © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Climb to VFR-on-Top IFH 10-26 Purpose is to climb to a VFR altitude Used to climb through fog or haze, then cancel IFR, which then makes the pilot VFR Over-The-Top A pilot must request “Climb to VFR On-Top” If no top report is available, a pilot will climb until VFR and make a top report © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. VFR-on-Top IFH 10-26 A pilot must comply with VFR cloud clearances and IFR regulations on a VFR On-Top clearance Permits the pilot to select an altitude or flight level of your choice with ATC restrictions © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. References JIC Jeppesen Instrument/Commercial: Guided Flight Discovery Obj. Op. Objective Opinion 14 CFR Federal Aviation Regulations IFH Instrument Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-15A) IPG Jeppesen Instrument Procedures Guide L-Chart No formal description in text, but found on L-Charts © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.