Year 9 Geography Revision

What is the Earth made up of? The earth is just like a giant apple. It has a thin layer called the crust, a softer part called the mantle and a liquid centre called the core. Some time after the earth formed, it got so hot that everything inside it melted. The heavier substances in the liquid sank and the lighter ones rose, forming layers. As the earth cooled, most of the layers turned solid. Earth was formed 4,600 million years ago. Since then it has been slowly cooling down and a thin crust has formed round the outside. The crust is broken into several enormous sections. The plates float above hot molten. The place where 2 sections/plates meet is called a plate boundary. The movement of these plate cause volcanoes & earthquakes. Earthquakes An earthquake is a sudden and short period of intense ground shaking. 1. Mercalli Scale The earthquakes intensity is split into twelve groups. Roman numerals I to XII are used to show the effects. It is based on observation and opinions. 2. Richter Scale This measures seismic waves using a seismograph. The Richter scale is logarithmic: an earthquake measured at 7 is 10x stronger than that at 6. Numbers range from 0 to 9

Volcanoes Earthquakes start at the focus. The epicentre is the point on the Earth’s surface above the focus, and is the first place to shake. The focus can be shallow or deep. Underground tectonic plates push past each other, building up pressure. This pressure is suddenly released along faults (cracks in the crust), sending out a huge pulse of energy. This travels out in all directions as earthquake waves. Volcanoes A volcano has different parts to it. It grows and each is different, but they all have certain features including a chamber, a vent and a crater. When they erupt, it can cause many problems for the people who live there. We saw that many people died when Mount Vesuvius erupted, but there was a sequence from not seeming too bad, to everything destroyed. People have their own reasons for living near to them. These include: 1. They have always lived there. 2. They don’t think it will happen to them. 3. The fields are very rich in plant foods from the ash.

CASE STUDY – Nepal 2015 A powerful earthquake struck in the morning of morning of April 25 2015, between the capital city of Kathmandu and another city, Pokhara. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.8 - which means it was very strong - and tremors were felt in nearby countries Pakistan, Bangladesh and India. A second strong earthquake, magnitude 7.3, hit eastern Nepal, near Mount Everest on 12 May 2015. More than 100 people were killed and thousands more injured. Many of the country's historic sites were severely damaged, including temples and monuments. Nearly 9,000 people died. Thousands in Kathmandu, Nepal's capital, had to sleep outside and water and electricity was in short supply. The Nepal government asked for help from other countries - everything from blankets and helicopters to doctors and drivers were needed. Help and supplies from all over the world were flown into the country. Aid agencies used helicopters to get help and supplies to people who live in remote mountain areas, which were difficult to get to. The priority for rescue agencies was to reach people who were trapped or injured, and provide shelter and protection to those who lost their homes. It's not just the towns and villages where people needed help. Hundreds were rescued from near Mount Everest, the world's tallest mountain. Even though the centre of the earthquake struck more than 120 miles away from the mountain it had a major impact on climbers there. Avalanches caused by the tremors killed at least 18 climbers and injured more than 60. Helicopters were used to rescue mountaineers trapped on Everest.

some are new words, some are for a recap. Key Words – some are new words, some are for a recap. Mental Map - Maps in our minds of the areas we know. Crime hotspot - a place with a lot of crime or opportunities for crime. Natural surveillance - Places which can be easily watched so it is difficult for criminals to commit crime without being seen.  Geographic Profiling - Mapping criminal activity to try to find patterns to help solve crimes. GIS - Geographic Information Systems. Types of digital maps which are made up of layers of information which the user can select what to include. Least Effort Principal - People behave in predictable ways because they tend to choose the option which requires the least effort. Criminals will tend to commit crimes in areas they are familiar with and can travel to easily.

Climate Change - Key Words any change in global temperatures and precipitation (rainfall) over time, due to natural or human activity Greenhouse Effect The process whereby gases trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, causing the world to warm up Enhanced greenhouse effect The process whereby an increased amount of greenhouse gases (because of human activity) trap more heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, causing the world to warm up at a quicker rate Global Warming the gradual warming of the Earth’s atmosphere Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A greenhouse gas that is found in the Earth’s atmosphere Fossil fuels Examples are coal, oil and gas. They are made from the remains dead plants and animals over millions of year. When they are burnt, C02 gases are released Greenhouse gas Gases that pollute that atmosphere, including C02, methane, and water vapour Atmosphere A layer around the earth, made up of greenhouse gases. This layer acts as a blanket to insulate earth (keep it warm)

Definitions of Tourism ‘The movement of people to places outside their normal places of work and community, the activities carried out during their holiday, and the facilities created to meet to their needs.’ ‘The act of moving outside one's home community for business or pleasure but not for commuting or travelling to or from school.’ ‘Persons travelling for pleasure in a period no less than 24 hours.’ ‘Being away from your usual habitat, the industry which responds to his needs, and the impacts that both he and the industry have on the environments.’ ‘Activity of people traveling away from their home community to take part in one or more of a variety of activities.’ Ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel to enjoy and appreciate nature and cultural experiences. Ecotourism should have low impact on the environment and should contribute to the well-being of local people.

Case Study - Eco-tourism The Galapagos Islands are a small chain of islands found 1,000km from the West coast of South America. They are Ecuadorian, and are home to an incredible array of animals and plants. The Galapagos Islands are most famous because many of the plants and animals found there are not found anywhere else in the world. This is because the islands are isolated or cut off from the rest of the World’s land mass by the Pacific Ocean, allowing the plants and animals to EVOLVE in their own way for hundreds of thousands of years. . Approximately 90% of the Islands are designated as National parks and there are only 20,000 permanent human residents (although this has risen from 9,000 only 20 years ago), allowing for a high degree of protection of the environment. The area became the first UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979 and they are also a biosphere reserve. The Government of Ecuador has been helpful in protecting the Galapagos Islands. In recent years, though they have reduce the finances and proper planning. A ‘Special Law for the Galapagos’ has been created to protect the environment.

The Galapagos are run along these lines because; The Galapagos Islands represent a place in the world were ECOTOURISM takes place. This is environmentally friendly tourism where the people involved seek to protect the environment as much as possible and to allow for some level of education as well. In many cases of ecotourism, some of the profits go back into protecting the environment and the tourism is small scale, with low visitor number densities and environmental approaches to accommodation and food. The Galapagos are run along these lines because; Tourists visit under strict rules - They can only visit on small ships of 10 to 16 tourists, most of which are owned by local people -The tourists can only visit a limited number of places on the Islands, thus protecting the rest of the Islands -The tourists are only allowed to visit in small numbers. -Visitors also receive information on how to conserve the Islands prior to their departure to the Islands. - They also have to pay a £25 fee to promote conservation on the Islands Another example, is the ecotourism lodge in Puerto Maldonado in Peru, where tours of the Amazon forest take place for tourists staying in small wooden huts there is limited electricity and waste is dealt with on site, and the food at the resort is sourced locally. However, local people make a valuable living from tourism and there are few other employment opportunities available. Tourists also generate a lot of businesses in the local economy as guides, restraints, hotels, boats owners and cleaners all benefit Despite all of this, there are still some problems from the overuse of some sites (honey pot sites), oil spills from boats, and pollution to the Islands water supply and the water supply is put under pressure from the tourists use

Reasons why tourism has increased in the past century. The UK tourist areas are overcrowded. People have more leisure time. People don’t see families anymore. School holidays now exist. Transport has improved so it is easier to travel. TV & Internet show us what countries are like People have become wealthier. What are the issues here? Movie tourism is when a destination or attraction is visited due to it being featured in a film, on television or in a book EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS Locations with particularly difficult environments where the development of tourism has only recently occurred due to a niche market demand for somewhere different with physical challenges.