Lecture 3 War, Revolution and the Rise of Radical Anti-Semitism Alexander Watson Religion, Peace and Conflict 11 March 2014 Lecture 3 War, Revolution and the Rise of Radical Anti-Semitism

Introduction Military violence in 1914-15 Food shortages and the fragmentation of societies in 1915-18 The political violence of the radical right, 1917-23 Conclusion Refugees fleeing Russian invasion in Galicia Jews were 2/5ths of all refugees in Austria

I. The Battlefields

Galicia Poles Ukrainians Jews Germans Population 3,800,000 3,200,000 871,895 90,000 Percentage 47.7 40.2 11.0 0.01

Russian Military Anti-Semitism Alexander Watson, Minorities in East-Central Europe, c. 1870 – 1950.re 7 Galicia Pogroms (from mid-Aug. 1914) Economic / Social Discrimination 50,000 Jews shifted around Galicia (spring 1915) 20,000 – 50,000 deported to Russia (spring 1915) Russia 100,000s Jews deported esp. from January 1915 The Great Retreat Imperial Russian soldiers

II. ‘The Starvation War’ Causes Diversion of resources from home population to army Disruption of external supply by Britain’s Royal Navy Civilian Victims Germany - 424,000 die of malnutrition(?) Austria-Hungary - at least 467,000 Everyday Life Rationing, Queuing, Crime Refugees Food Queue in Cracow Alexander Watson, Minorities in East-Central Europe, c. 1870 – 1950. Lecture 8

Habsburg Refugees Jews 41.2 Poles 20.5 Ukrainians 12.0 Germans 1.3 ETHNICITY OF REFUGEES, OCTOBER 1915 People % of refugees Jews 41.2 Poles 20.5 Ukrainians 12.0 Germans 1.3 Italians 21.6 Slovenes 3.4 Galician Jewish refugees in Vienna (1915) TOTAL REFUGEES: 382,577 re 7

Food Price Index in Cracow (Data from February of each year. 1914 = 100) 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 Flour 100 261 257 1522 1739 Bread 141 127 273 1364 Potatoes 150 200 500 1125 Source: J.M. Małecki, ‘Życie gospodarcze Krakowa w czasie wielkiej wojny 1914-1918’, in TMHiZK (ed.), Kraków w czasie I wojny światowej (1990), p. 63. Alexander Watson, Minorities in East-Central Europe, c. 1870 – 1950. Lecture 8

Food and Ethnic Conflict in Cracow Timeline 7th May 1917 – 1,000 people demonstrate outside City Council to demand food. Suggestion that Jewish population should set up a home guard June 1917 – Large Food riots December 1917 – More food demonstrations. Protestors try to march to Jewish quarter in December, but stopped Mid-January 1918 – Flour ration halved. Riots last several days; 63 people arrested, 26 police injured & substantial damage to property Mid-February 1918 – Mass protests against Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 16-21 April 1918 – 5-day food riot and pogrom against Jewish populace On 19 April, Jewish youths attack Christian traders in return Alexander Watson, Minorities in East-Central Europe, c. 1870 – 1950. Lecture 8

III. Paramilitaries The Russian Revolution (1917: Lenin speaks to the masses German Freikorps soldiers in Latvia Alexander Watson, Minorities in East-Central Europe, c. 1870 – 1950. Lecture 8

Leading Russian Bolshevik of Jewish descent Conclusion A New Level of Violence in the East The Rise of Societal Anti-Semitism & the Collapse of Multi-Ethnic Communities Revolution, the Rise of the Far Right & the Association of Jews with Defeat and Bolshevism Leo Trotsky Leading Russian Bolshevik of Jewish descent