Objective: To examine the horrors of trench warfare.

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Presentation transcript:

Objective: To examine the horrors of trench warfare.

Cross-section of a front-line trench Trench Warfare Trench Warfare – type of fighting during World War I in which both sides dug trenches protected by mines and barbed wire Cross-section of a front-line trench

British trench, France, July 1916 (during the Battle of the Somme)

French soldiers firing over their own dead

British Vickers machine gun crew, western front, World War I.

Vickers Machine Gun

An aerial photograph of the opposing trenches and no-man's land in Artois, France, July 22, 1917. German trenches are at the right and bottom, British trenches are at the top left. The vertical line to the left of centre indicates the course of a pre-war road.

Danger from more than Bullets and Bombs Officers walking through a flooded communication trench.

Trench Rats

Trench Rats Quotes from soldiers fighting in the trenches: "The rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a wounded man if he couldn't defend himself." "I saw some rats running from under the dead men's greatcoats, enormous rats, fat with human flesh. My heart pounded as we edged towards one of the bodies. His helmet had rolled off. The man displayed a grimacing face, stripped of flesh; the skull bare, the eyes devoured and from the yawning mouth leapt a rat."

Rats as food…mmm Tasty

Trench Foot Problem

Stage 1 Trench Foot

Advanced Stages

A man suffering from SEVERE trench foot.

Poison Gas Mustard Gas Chlorine Gas Tear Gas

Soldiers digging trenches while protected against gas attacks

Gas Masks were effective for breathing Did nothing to prevent skin burns

Mustard Gas

WMD’s today?

Protect the Pup!!! Why?

Problems with Gas?

The Weather Weather had a great impact on the effectiveness of attacks. Rain would limit it’s effect while wind could help or hurt the side using gas Chemical Weapons

'Gassed'. Painting by John Singer Sargent, 1918/1919.

Poison Gas Deaths: 1914-1918 Country Non-Fatal Deaths Total British Empire 180,597 8,109 188,706 France 182,000 8,000 190,000 United States 71,345 1,462 72,807 Italy 55,373 4,627 60,000 Russia 419,340 56,000 475,340 Germany 191,000 9,000 200,000 Austria-Hungary 97,000 3,000 100,000 Others 1,000 10.000 1,205,655 91,198 1,296,853

Trench Warfare=Close Combat The Trench Knife and the “push knife

Trench Clubs

Shell Shock…the PSYCHOLOGICAL effects of trench warfare The new term used today for soldiers returning home is: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Western Front – over 400 miles of trenches across Belgium and France · Most offenses resulted in heavy casualties but gained little territory.

Military Casualties in World War I: 1914-1918 Germany 1,935,000 Russia 1,700,000 France 1,368,000 Austria-Hungary 1,200,000 British Empire 942,135 Ottoman Empire 725,000 Italy 680,000 Romania 300,000 United States 116,516 Bulgaria 87,495 Belgium 45,550 Serbia 45,000 Greece 23,098 Portugal 8,145 Montenegro 3,000 Japan 1,344

Christmas Truce 1914 Beginning late on Christmas Eve, the entrenched British and German troops began serenading each other with songs and carols. Soldiers exchanged gifts British and German troops stand together during the Christmas Truce of 1914.