MODERN INTELLECTUAL AND ARTISTIC MOVEMENTS

SCIENCE!

Charles Darwin 1859 – The Origin of the Species Developed theory of natural selection (survival of the fittest) Why were his theories so controversial?

Physics Marie Curie, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Werner Heisenberg Why was this field significant?

Auguste Comte Father of sociology Created theory called positivism Thought society could be studied in a scientific manner Created theory called positivism

ART & LITERATURE

REALISM Attempted to depict everyday life in its purest form. Realists rejected the embellished, idealistic art of the past and used detail in an attempt to be absolutely true to the object depicted.

Jean-Francois Millet (1814-1875) one of the Barbizon painters THE GLEANERS

Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) Quote on realistic painting: "Show me an angel and I'll paint you one." THE SLEEPING SPINNER COURBET THOUGHT ART SHOULD SERVE A SOCIAL PURPOSE. DO YOU AGREE?

Charles Baudelaire “Believed that art had to be the product of an exchange by the individual artist and contemporary society.”

Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880) Madame Bovary was his most famous work

Emile Zola (1840-1902) Known for his support of Alfred Dreyfus Also associated with Naturalism

Naturalism A literary movement that attempted to apply scientific methods and principles to literature and drama. Naturalists believed that reality could only be verified through the senses and that a writer's goal was the objective reporting of observations.

Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) His most famous work was the play “A Doll’s House”

IMPRESSIONISM Attempts to give an immediate impression on canvas of the artist's subject. Its name comes from a painting by the French artist Claude Monet entitled Impression Sunrise (1870). The impressionists were influenced by new scientific studies of color and light. Impressionists liked to paint outdoors and attempted to reproduce light on their canvases, sometimes applying small strokes of pure color in order to achieve this effect rather than mixing it on the palette.

Claude Monet (1840-1926)

“Water Lilies”

“Bridge at Argenteuil”

Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)

“Girl with the watering can”

“Luncheon of the boating party”

Edgar Degas (1834-1917)

“Ballet Class”

Degas’ sculpture

Modernism (Avant-Garde) An artistic movement that began in 1880 as artists, writers, and architects attempted to replace older artistic styles with innovative new styles. Artistic styles considered modernist include postimpressionism, expressionism, cubism, dadaism, Bauhaus, futurism, and surrealism. What unified those diverse movements was a break with traditional narrative and its attempt to realistically present a coherent, unified, sensible world.

Bloomsbury Group The Bloomsbury group was a collective of intellectuals who gathered in London from the early 20th century until the 1930s. The group was organized by Virginia Woolf and her siblings and became famous for its criticism of Victorian ideas concerning artistic, sexual, and social matters.

Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)

John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) His most lasting contributions came in his belief that a pure laissez-faire economy was ill-suited to provide full employment for workers and was likewise unable to pull an ailing economy out of a recession or depression. He theorized that in order for an economy to recover from a downturn and remain strong, demand must be enhanced, both through low interest rates and greater public expenditures.

Keynesian economics

The AVANT-GARDE in Music IGOR STRAVINSKY (1882-1971) – “The Rite of Spring”

Friedrich Nietzsche German philosopher ANTI- rationality, religion, democracy, nationalism, racism,etc. His most famous work was Thus Spake Zarathustra Supported the theory of a heroic superman or “Ubermensch” who embodied greatness and a higher humanity

Sigmund Freud Jewish Austrian doctor Studied the unconscious THE ID THE EGO THE SUPEREGO The father of psychoanalysis

POST-IMPRESSIONISM Postimpressionist artists expanded upon the work of impressionists. The styles of the artists associated are highly individualistic, and their concerns ranged from pictorial structure (Paul Cézanne) to the imagination (Paul Gauguin) to the scientific perception of color (Georges Seurat).

Paul Cezanne (1839-1906)

Georges Seurat (1859-1891) HE DEVELOPED POINTILISM

Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890)

“Starry Night”

Expressionism Artists attempted to express a state of mind, focusing on emotions and psychological responses to objects and events rather than objective reality. Although it was most dominant in Germany, expressionism was practiced by artists in Austria, France, and Russia. The exhibition and production of expressionist art was banned in Germany as the Nazis came to power in 1933, and many expressionist artists were exiled to the United States and other countries.

Edvard Munch (1863-1944) “The Scream”

Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944) “Transverse Line” 1923

Art Nouveau

Cubism Cubism was an artistic style begun by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in early-20th-century France. In cubism, objects were transformed into basic geometric shapes and reassembled in a variety of ways so that the objects became abstract.

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)

“Guernica”

POSSIBLE SUBJECTS FOR IMPRESSIONIST PAINTINGS

Dadaism Early 20th century movement with disgust for bourgeois values and despair over World War I. Dada did not constitute an actual artistic style, but its proponents favored group collaboration, spontaneity, and chance. In the desire to reject traditional modes of artistic creation, many Dadaists worked in collage, photomontage, and found-object construction, rather than in painting and sculpture.

Hannah Hoch Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany, 1919.

Surrealism Surrealism was a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. The aim was to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality". Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision, created strange creatures from everyday objects and developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself

Salvador Dali The Persistence of Memory, 1931

Pop Art Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the mid-1950s in Britain and the late 1950s in the United States.  Pop art presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular culture such as advertising and news. In pop art, material is sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, and/or combined with unrelated material

Eduardo Paolozzi