www2.sunysuffolk.edu/lynchp/ocMB.ppt Accessed: 14-09-15 Marine Biology! www2.sunysuffolk.edu/lynchp/ocMB.ppt Accessed: 14-09-15

Trophic Structure Autotroph (Producer) Heterotroph (Consumer)

Flow of energy through a living system; energy is degraded w/ each step

Generalized trophic pyramid

Simplified food web

Marine Zones: Benthic vs. Pelagic Neritic vs. Oceanic

Fig 12-16, p.285 Garrison

Divisions of the Marine Environment Pelagic (open sea) Neritic (< 200 meters) and oceanic Benthic (sea floor) Subneritic and suboceanic © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Pelagic Environment Divided into biozones Neritic Province – from shore seaward, all water < 200 meters deep Oceanic Province – depth increases beyond 200 meters © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Life in the Ocean The PELAGIC community! A “Pelagic community” is a community of organisms that live suspended in the water column…they either float (plankton) or swim (nekton). This is different than those that live on shore, on the bottom (etc.)

Pelagic Communitiy, Plankton And nekton

Marine Mammals that live in the pelagic zone (Baleen)

Marine Mammals that live in the pelagic zone (Toothed)

Even “deep” down there are pelagic fish: Deep sea angler fish

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Benthos Epifauna live on the surface of the sea floor. Infauna live buried in sediments. Nektobenthos swim or crawl through water above the seafloor. Benthos are most abundant in shallower water. Many live in perpetual darkness, coldness, and stillness. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Benthic Environments Supralittoral Subneritic Littoral Sublittoral Inner Outer Suboceanic Bathyal Abyssal Hadal © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Benthos © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Intertidal Zonation Rocky shore: Spray zone – above spring tide zone Intertidal zone High tide zone Middle tide zone Low tide zone © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Coral Reef Zonation © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Organisms of the Deep Pelagic (discussed earlier) & Benthic (Heart Urchin seen here to right) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Life! Don’t forget PLANKTON (from previous lectures and lab) but now… NEKTON! © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Plankton Most biomass on Earth consists of plankton. Phytoplankton Autotrophic Zooplankton Heterotrophic © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nekton Independent swimmers Most adult fish and squid Marine mammals Marine reptiles © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nekton © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Now let’s put everything together – WHO lives there…

Animal Kingdom Classify similar animals into Phyla 36 Animal Phyla Only 1 has vertebrates These animals are either BENTHIC or PELAGIC; PLANKTONIC or NEKTONIC…

Invertebrates Animals without backbones No internal rigid skeleton Softbodied Many have hard external coverings

Phylum Porifera

Phylum Cnidaria

Phylum Cnidaria - CORAL

Phylum Annelida

Phylum Arthropoda - Crustaceans Crabs, lobster, shrimp, barnacles, copepods

Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea

Phylum Mollusca 3 Main groups Gastropods - snails Bivalves- oysters, clams, mussels Cephalopods – octopuses, squids

Gastropods Spiral shells Shell-less = sea slugs or nudibranchs Project head and muscular foot when moving

Phylum Mollusca

Bivalves Twin, hinged shells not very mobile Suspension feeders Gills for gas exchange

Phylum Mollusca

Cephalopods Largest of the invertebrates (59 ft squid) Foot modified into tentacles Active predators Highly evolved nervous system

Phylum Mollusca – Class Cephalopoda- CUTTLEFISH

Phylum Mollusca

Phylum Echinodermata Sea stars, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea urchins

Phylum Echinodermata

PHYLUM CHORDATA notochord dorsal, hollow nerve tube gill slits post anal tail

Two Invertebrate Chordates Urochordates sea squirts or tunicates Cephalochordates lancelets or amphioxus

VERTEBRATES Possess backbones – replaces the notochord Subphylum: VERTEBRATA (that’s us…if we were marine mammals!)

Jawless Fish – Class Agnatha hagfish lamprey

Cartilagenous Fish – Class Chondrichthyes skates, rays and sharks

Class Chondrichthyes

Cartilagenous Fish – Class Chondrichthyes skeletons made of tough elastic cartilage negatively buoyant some of the active sharks must swim to breathe

Bony Fish – Class Osteichthyes most numerous and successful of all vertebrates

Bony fish examples

Bony Fish – Class Osteichthyes swim bladders countercurrent exchange operculum body shape effects the efficiency of movement

 Amphibians not found in marine environments

Marine Reptiles Sea turtles, sea snakes, marine iguanas, marine crocodiles

Figure 9.05 Marine iguana – 1 of 2 marine reptiles (other = crocodile)

Marine Reptiles ectothermic covered with scales breathe air with lungs, have specialized salt glands to excrete excess salt taken in from seawater

Marine Birds Class Aves Albatrosses, pelicans, gulls, terns, puffins and penguins are endotherms, also have salt secreting glands

Marine Mammals Land-dwelling ancestors Warm-blooded Breathe air Hair/fur Bear live young Mammary glands for milk © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Major Marine Mammal Groups © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Order Carnivora Prominent canine teeth Sea otters Polar bears Pinnipeds Walruses Seals Sea lions Fur seals © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Carnivora © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Seals vs. Sea Lions and Fur Seals Seals lack prominent ear flaps Seals have smaller front flippers Seals have fore flipper claws Different hip structures Different locomotion strategies © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Elephant Seals

Figure 9.11

Order Sirenia Herbivores Manatees Dugongs Coastal areas of tropical Atlantic Ocean Dugongs Coastal areas of Indian and western Pacific Oceans © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Order Cetacea Whales, dolphins, porpoises Elongated skull Blowholes on top of skull Few hairs Fluke – horizontal tail fin for vertical propulsion © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Order Cetacea © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Order Cetacea Suborder Odontoceti (toothed) Dolphins, porpoises, killer whale, sperm whale Echolocation to determine distance and direction to objects Determine shape, size of objects © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bottlenose Dolphin

Beluga Whale

Use of Baleen © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Humpback Whale