For the EUROCHIP-3 project Women’s reasons for low attendance in the cervical cancer screening programme: experience from Estonia Piret Veerus, MD, PhD Department of epidemiology and biostatistics National Institute for Health Development Estonia For the EUROCHIP-3 project Ispra, February 27, 2012

Cervical cancer in Estonia Population of Estonia 1,339,681 (2012) Among the female population, cervical cancer is the 3rd most common cancer site ASIR(w) 18.1 per 100,000 with 187 new cases in 2007 ASMR(w) 4.3 per 100,000 with 53 deaths in 2007 In the age-group from 20 to 49 yrs the incidence rates more than doubled in 1980-82 to 2004-2006

Cervical cancer incidence by age groups in Estonia Estonian Cancer Registry

Cervical cancer screening in Estonia Organised nationwide cervical screening started in 2006, pilot studies in 2003 Target group women aged 30 to 59 years Screening interval 5 yrs after a negative result Women diagnosed with cervical cancer, without health insurance and those having had a Pap-smear in past 12 months excluded from the list of invitees Trained midwives take Pap-smears at 20 clinics, tests performed at 7 labs Pathological results handled according to clinical guidelines Lab quality assurance carried out in 2007

Attendance in the cervical cancer screening programme in Estonia

Aims of the present study To study: reasons for low attendance in the organised cervical cancer screening programme women’s wishes for improving the screening programme the present knowledge about cervical cancer risk factors and screening among the screening target group

Methods Anonymous postal survey to a random sample of 2,942 women in the screening population together with the invitation to screening and a prepaid return envelope; reminders to 1,600 non-attenders in the screening programme 21 questions in the Estonian and Russian language - respondent’s background information, general health behaviour, knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, attitude about screening activities and wishes for better organisation of the screening programme

Results: respondents Response rate 36%, altogether 1054 questionnaires returned (69.1% in Estonian) Mean age of respondents 43 years Most respondents married or cohabiting (74.3%), actively working (76.9%), and living in big towns (69.0%) Mean number of children per respondent 1.8 Less than half (46.2%) had had a gynaecological check-up in past 12 months; nearly one quarter were regular smokers (22.0%); about half (49.8%) had ever used OC; most (62.4%) had never been diagnosed with a STD; many women (39.9%) had had more than five sexual partners per lifetime

Results: women’s awareness about risk factors of cervical cancer

Results: awareness about cervical cancer screening 72 Results: awareness about cervical cancer screening 72.3% of respondents were aware of screening RR (95% CI), crude RR (95% CI), adjusted Age group 30, 35 yrs 1 40, 45 years 1.08 (0.99-1.20) 1.04 (0.95-1.14) 50, 55 years 1.02 (0.92-1.13) 1.04 (0.96-1.14) Nationality Non-Estonian Estonian 1.65 (1.47-1.86) 1.64 (1.46-1.86) Living-place Urban Rural 1.17 (1.09-1.26) 1.02 (0.96-1.10) Parity 0-1 >=2 1.13 (1.04-1.23) 1.09 (1.00-1.18)

Results: willingness to attend the screening programme RR (95% CI), crude RR (95% CI), adjusted Age group 30, 35 yrs 1 40, 45 yrs 1.12 (1.07-2.28) 1.13 (1.03-1.23) 50, 55 yrs 1.06 (0.75-1.50) 1.03 (0.93-1.13) Nationality Estonian Non-Estonian 1.00 (0.93-1.08) 1.02 (0.94-1.10) Living-place Urban Town 0.99 (0.92-1.07) 1.02 (0.94-1.11) Parity 0-1 >=2 1.02 (0.94-1.09) 0.99 (0.92-1.06)

Results: reasons for non-attendance in the screening programme (N=442)

Results: women’s wishes to improve the screening programme Most respondents (71%) were satisfied with the current organisation of the programme Most of them wanted to make the appointment by phone (83.2%) and to have the test taken by a midwife (92.1%) Women wanted to receive information about the test result by phone (33.9%), by e-mail (34.3%) or by ordinary mail (29%) Most respondents (74.8%) wanted to recieve information about screening by mail together with the personal invitation

Results: women’s wishes for receiving information about screening Number Proportion Personally mailed invitation with a detailed information leaflet 784 74.8% Articles in women’s magazines 198 18.9% Information by medical staff 189 18.0% Advertisements on TV 103 9.8% No wish for more information 61 5.8% Other sources (Internet, etc) 28 2.7%

Conclusions In Estonia, women prefer to be personally and delicately informed about cervical cancer screening Minorities need more information about the screening programme in their mother langauage All women need more detailed information about the programme, and encouragement for participation Better organisation of screening services has to be provided Opportunistic smears outsied the programme are discouraged

Thank you! Kivistik A, Lang K, Baili P, Anttila A, Veerus P. Women’s knowledge about cervical cancer risk factors, screening, and reasons for non-participation in cervical cancer screening programme in Estonia. BMC Women’s Health 2011,11:43.