The Respiratory System Lab # 6 The Respiratory System (Martini: Chapter 23, page 813)

Respiratory System - Nose 1- Upper Respiratory System - Nasal cavity - Paranasal sinuses - Pharynx 2- Lower Respiratory System 1- Upper Respiratory System Respiratory System - Larynx - Trachea - Bronchi - Bronchioles - Alveoli of the lungs

Frontal sinus Sphenoidal sinus Nasal cavity Nose Pharynx Larynx UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Larynx LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Trachea Bronchi Right lung Left lung Bronchioles

1- Nose and Pharynx The Nose Upper Respiratory System 1- Nose and Pharynx The Nose Function: It provides an airway for respiration

Upper Respiratory System The Nasal Cavity Functions: 1- It moistens, warms, filters, and cleanses the air 2- It provides a resonating chamber for speech 3- It houses the olfactory receptors Frontal Ethmoid Nasal bones Meatuses Nasal conchae Superior Middle Inferior Superior Middle Inferior Palatine bone Maxilla Soft palate Bony or hard palate Uvula The nasal cavity is lined by a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Upper Respiratory System

The Paranasal Sinuses Upper Respiratory System Functions: 1- Lighten the skull 2-Warm and moisten the air 3- Resonance chamber for speech Ethmoidal sinuses Frontal sinuses Sphenoidal sinuses Maxillary sinuses

The Pharynx Functions: Air and food passageway Upper Respiratory System The Pharynx Functions: Air and food passageway Nasopharynx (air passageway) Pharyngeal tonsil Eustachian or auditory tube Soft palate Uvula Oropharynx Palatine tonsil (food and air passageway) Lingual tonsil Epiglottis Laryngopharynx (food and air passageway) Glottis

The Pharynx Pharynx: Posterior nasal aperture Nasopharynx It is a passageway for air It is lined by a pseudostratified columnar epithelium Oropharynx It is a passageway for air, food and drink It is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium Laryngopharynx It is a passageway for air, food and drink It is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium Larynx Trachea Esophagus

2- The Larynx Functions: Lower Respiratory System 2- The Larynx Functions: - It acts as a switching mechanism to direct air and food to proper duct - It contains the vocal cords that are necessary for voice production Larynx

LARYNX CARTILAGES Hyoid bone Epiglottis Anterior view Posterior view Lower Respiratory System LARYNX CARTILAGES Hyoid bone Epiglottis Anterior view Posterior view Lateral view Corniculate cartilages Cuneiform cartilage Thyroid cartilage Arytenoids cartilages Cricoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Trachea

VOCAL LIGAMENTS Vestibular ligaments or false vocal cords Lower Respiratory System VOCAL LIGAMENTS Vestibular ligaments or false vocal cords (They help prevent any object from going into the glottis, and protect the vocal folds) Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Vocal ligaments or true vocal cords (They vibrate producing sound when air rushed up from the lungs)

3- Trachea and Primary Bronchi Lower Respiratory System 3- Trachea and Primary Bronchi Respiratory epithelium: Ciliated pseudostratified columnar. Functions: 1- It is an air passageway. 2- It cleanses the air.

Secondary or lobar bronchi Lower Respiratory System 3- Trachea and Primary Bronchi Trachea Right Primary Bronchus Carina Left Primary Bronchus Secondary or lobar bronchi

Diaphragmatic surface 4- Lungs and Bronchial Tree The Lungs They are conical organs with a broad, concave base, resting on the diaphragm, and a blunt peak called the apex projecting slightly above the clavicle Costal surface Apex of lung Superior lobe Superior lobe Horizontal fissure Middle lobe Mediastinal surface Oblique fissure Oblique fissure Diaphragmatic surface Inferior lobe Inferior lobe Base of lung

LUNGS Lobes Segments Superior lobe Horizontal fissure Middle lobe Lower Respiratory System RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG Superior lobe Lobes Segments LUNGS Lobules Alveoli Horizontal fissure Middle lobe Inferior lobe Oblique fissure

Bronchi and Subdivisions Lower Respiratory System Bronchi and Subdivisions Nasal cavity Pharynx Left Primary Bronchus (lung) Larynx Trachea Primary Bronchus Secondary Bronchi Secondary Bronchi (lobes) Tertiary Bronchi Tertiary Bronchi Bronchioles (segments) Terminal Bronchioles Respiratory Bronchioles Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Terminal Bronchioles Alveoli (lobules) Alveoli

Respiratory bronchiole Lower Respiratory System Pulmonary Lobules Bronchiole Terminal bronchiole (to lobules) Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Alveolus PULMONARY LOBULE

Lower Respiratory System

Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli Lower Respiratory System Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli Fluid with surfactant Squamous epithelial cell (pneumocyte type I) Respiratory membrane Septal cell (pneumocyte Type II) Alveolar macrophage Capillary endothelial cell They secrete pulmonary surfactant. They are phagocytic cells that engulf invaders and activate the immune system.

The Respiratory Membrane Lower Respiratory System The Respiratory Membrane Squamous epithelial cell O2 O2 Respiratory membrane O2 O2 O2 CO2 CO2 O2 Fused basal lamina CO2 CO2 CO2 Capillary endothelial cell

Lower Respiratory System Alveoli

Lower Respiratory System The Pleura

Pressure-Volume Relationships in the Lungs Pulmonary Ventilation: It is the physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract. An inspiration (inhalation) An expiration (exhalation) A Respiratory Cycle Pressure-Volume Relationships in the Lungs Expiration Inspiration -1 +1 Air: 760 mmHg Intercostal muscles elevates the rib cage and diaphragm is contracted Volume Volume Pressure (761 mmHg) Pressure (759 mmHg) Rib cage in normal position and diaphragm is relaxed Boyle’s law: Pressure and volume are inversely proportional

Intrapulmonary pressure (mm Hg) Volume of air inside the lungs (mL) The Respiratory Cycle A Respiratory Cycle: It is a single cycle of inhalation and exhalation. INHALATION Volume Intrapulmonary pressure (mm Hg) INHALATION EXHALATION +2 Pressure (759 mmHg) +1 Resting -1 EXHALATION -2 Volume Volume of air inside the lungs (mL) Pressure (761 mmHg) 500 Inhalation Exhalation 250 1 2 3 4 Time (sec)

Lungs Volumes and Capacities Spirometer It is a device that recaptures expired breath and records such variables such as rate and depth of breathing, speed of expiration, and rate of oxygen consumption Electronic Spirometer Wet Spirometer Dry Spirometer

Respiratory Rates and Volumes Inhalation Exhalation 1 minute 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 500 mL Resting tidal volume It is the volume of air moved into or out the lungs during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions. Tidal Volume: Respiratory Rate: It is the number of breath you take each minute. In a resting adult ranges from 12 to 18 breaths each minute. Respiratory Minute Volume: It is the volume of air moved each minute. Breath per minute (reparatory rate) Tidal Volume x Respiratory Minute Volume = x 500 mL = 6000 mL per minute (6.0 liters per minute) 12 per minute

Respiratory Performance and Volume Relationships Respiratory Volumes 1- Tidal volume (Vt): It is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled a single respiration cycle under resting conditions (500 mL). 2- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): It is the amount of air that you can voluntarily expel after you have completed a normal, quiet expiration (1000 mL). 3- Residual Volume (RV): It is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation (1200 mL). 4- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): It is the amount of air that you can voluntarily inhale after you have completed a normal, quiet inspiration (3000 mL). 6000 mL Time Volume (mL) Inhalation Exhalation INSIDE THE LUNGS Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 3300 mL Tidal volume (Vt) 500 mL Total lung capacity Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 1000 mL Residual volume (RV) 1200 mL Minimal volume 30-120 mL The amount of air that will remain in the lungs if they were allow to collapse. 0 (mL)

Respiratory Capacities It is the maximum amount of air that you draw into your lungs after you have completed a normal tidal expiration (Vt + IRV = 3800 mL). 1- Inspiratory Capacity : It is the amount of air remaining in your lungs after you have completed a normal tidal expiration (ERV + RV = 2200 mL). 2- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): 3- Vital Capacity (IC): It is the maximum amount of air that you can move into or out of your lungs in a single forced respiratory cycle (ERV + Vt + IRV = 4800 mL). 4-Total lung capacity (TLC): It is the total volume of your lungs (vital capacity + RV = 6000 mL). Time Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 3300 mL Inspiratory capacity Vital capacity Tidal volume (Vt) 500 mL Total lung capacity Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 1000 mL Functional residual capacity Residual volume (RV) 1200 mL Minimal volume 30-120 mL