Lecture 1 Anti-Semitism in East-Central Europe, c

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Presentation transcript:

Lecture 1 Anti-Semitism in East-Central Europe, c.1870-1945 Alexander Watson Religion, Peace and Conflict 25 February 2014 Lecture 1 Anti-Semitism in East-Central Europe, c.1870-1945

A Jewish man from Bessarabia in southwest Russia, c. 1900 Introduction Aims of the lecture block What is anti-Semitism? - Religious - Racial (modern) Why did anti-Semitism change and intensify in the late nineteenth century? - Jews in Russia - Jews in Germany Conclusion A Jewish man from Bessarabia in southwest Russia, c. 1900

Aims of the Lecture Block Anti-Semitism Pogroms War, Revolution & the Rise of Radical Anti-Semitism Interwar Anti-Semitism in Germany and Poland The Holocaust A ‘selection’ determining forced labour or death at Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp

Pre-Modern Anti-Semitism ‘I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you, walk with you, and so following; but I will not eat with you, drink with you, nor pray with you.’ Shylock, Merchant of Venice, Act 1, Scene III.

The Blood Libel Eighteenth century portrait of Jews’ alleged practice of ritual murder of Christian children, in Sandomierz Cathedral, Poland.

Wilhelm Marr: the Founder of Modern Anti-Semitism Marr’s book: The Victory of the Jews over the Germans (1879)

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion Copies of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion: on the left is a Russian edition (first published 1903) and on the right an English-language U.S. edition (1934)

The Jews in Europe, c. 1900

Jewish traders in Warsaw, 1880 Russia Population Share Location Jews % Russia (1881) - Poland - Pale of Settlement 4,086,650 1,010,378 2,912,165 4.2 13.8 12.5 Cities Warsaw (c. 1900) 219,000 32.5 Odessa (c. 1900) 139,000 34.4 Vilnius (c. 1900) 64,000 41.0 Kiev (c. 1900) 32,000 12.8 Jewish traders in Warsaw, 1880

Albert Ballin, The German Jewish Shipping Magnate, 1857-1918 Germany North German Confederation’s Law on the Freedom and Equality of Religion (3 July 1869) The Anxieties of Modernisation - industrialisation - liberalism & socialism - the rise of a mass press - consumerism Albert Ballin, The German Jewish Shipping Magnate, 1857-1918

Reactions Karl Lueger, Mayor of Vienna (1898-1910) Heinrich von Treitschke, Historian Karl Lueger, Mayor of Vienna (1898-1910)

Conclusion Development of Anti-Semitism from religious to religious and racial The Strains of Modernity. Jews benefitted from and were blamed for the new ideas and way of life Differences in Russia and Germany – Context Matters!