Types of Long-term Memory Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; implicit memory; declarative memory; non-declarative memory; episodic memory; semantic memory; procedural memory; classical conditioning; priming

Explicit memory aka Declarative or Conscious memory Memory consciously recalled or declared Can use explicit memory to directly respond to a question Two subtypes of explicit memory Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; declarative memory;

Subtypes of Explicit Memory Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; declarative memory; episodic memory; semantic memory

Episodic memory Memory tied to your own personal experiences Examples: What month is your birthday? Do you like to eat caramel apples? Q: Why are these explicit memories? A: Because you can actively declare your answers to these questions Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; declarative memory; episodic memory

Semantic memory Memory not tied to personal events General facts and definitions about the world Examples: How many tires on a car? What is a cloud? What color is a banana? Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; declarative memory; semantic memory

Semantic memory Q: Why are these explicit memories? A: Because you can actively declare your answers Important note: Though you may have personal experience with these items, your ability to answer Q’s does NOT depend on tying the item to your past i.e. Do not have to recall the time last week when you ate a banana to say that bananas are yellow Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; declarative memory; semantic memory

Implicit memory Aka nondeclarative memory Influences your thoughts or behavior, but does not enter consciousness Three subtypes Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory;

Subtypes of Implicit Memory Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; procedural memory; classical conditioning; priming

Classical conditioning Pavlov Previously neutral stimulus now comes to elicit a response after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus Natural reflex Conditioned reflex CR (salivation) UCR CS (ringing bell) Neutral stimulus + UCS (food in mouth) (ringing bell) Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; procedural memory; classical conditioning; priming

Procedural memory Memory that enable you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses Examples: Riding a bike Using the shift stick while driving Tying your shoe laces Q: Why are these procedural memories implicit? A: Don’t have to consciously remember the steps involved in these actions to perform them Try to explain to someone how to tie a shoelace Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; procedural memory

Priming Pass out demonstration sheets Key words: Notes: This is a demonstration of conceptual priming. There are two sheets. Half the class gets one sheet; the remaining half gets the second sheet. It is important not to let the class know there are two different sheets. I generally give tyhe front half of the class the first sheet and the back half of the class the second sheet. Regardless it is necessary to prevent giving different sheets to people sitting in close vicinity to one another. I also tell students they should complete the task themselves without help from their neighbors. I generally give the students this demonstration before telling them what priming is, so they don't have any expectations of what I'm trying to do. As for the actual demo, on both sheets, students are given a list of scrambled words. Students merely have to unscramble the letters. One sheet contains scrambled words relating to flowers. The other relates to kitchen utensils. The key priming word is the very last scrambled word: L T E P A. Those who received the list with flower words will write "P E T A L". Those who received the utensils list will write "P L A T E". That is, the responses to the last word were primed by the words that appeared before.

Priming demonstration Unscramble the following word: L T E P A Answer: P E T A L P L A T E Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming

Priming Why did half the class say plate and the other half say petal? They were primed to do so There were two different sheets of unscrambled words Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming

Priming sheet 1 F I N E K K N I F E O P O N S S P O O N K R O F Unscramble the following word: F I N E K O P O N S K R O F P U C E C U S A R L T E P A Answer: K N I F E S P O O N F O R K C U P S A U C E R P L A T E Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming

Priming sheet 2 N Y P A S P A N S Y F E L A L E A F K T A L S Unscramble the following word: N Y P A S F E L A K T A L S D U B L O B S O M S L T E P A Answer: P A N S Y L E A F S T A L K B U D B L O S S O M P E T A L Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming

Priming Do priming demonstration Key words: Notes: This is a demonstration of conceptual priming. In this demonstration, you will read the following words aloud and ask the students to spell the words as they are read. The list of words are: rabbit ears Easter bunny hare You will find that most students will spell the last word "H-A-R-E" instead of "H-A-I-R" due to conceptual priming. You'll find that most people will spell

Priming Seeing the word rabbit Activates concept Primes spelling the spoken word hair/hare as h-a-r-e Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming; conceptual priming

Priming Activation of one or more existing memories by a stimulus Activation not a conscious decision BUT, can effect subsequent thoughts and actions Two types of priming Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming

Two types of priming Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming; conceptual priming; perceptual priming

Conceptual priming When priming stimulus influences your flow of thoughts Thought to involve activation of concepts stored in semantic memory Example: Previous priming demonstration Example: If you hear a story about a pitbull, when someone later asks you to name a dog, you’re more likely to say “pitbull” Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming; conceptual priming

Perceptual priming Can you identify the fragmented stimulus below? Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming; perceptual priming

Perceptual priming What if you were shown the following slide earlier in the lecture? Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming; perceptual priming

Perceptual priming Can you identify the fragmented stimulus to the right? Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming; perceptual priming

Perceptual priming What if you were shown the following slide earlier in the lecture? Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming; perceptual priming

Perceptual priming When a priming stimulus enhances ability to identify a test stimulus based on its physical features Priming is implicit because you don’t need to consciously recall seeing the priming stimulus in order for priming to occur Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming; perceptual priming

Evidence for separate implicit/explicit systems? Neurophysiological evidence Patient H.M. Life-threatening seizures originating in temporal lobe surgically removed portions of temporal lobe Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; implicit memory; declarative memory; non-declarative memory; H.M.

Temporal lobe Includes: hippocampus amygdala Temporal lobe Hippocampus Key words: temporal lobe; amygdala; hippocampus

Patient H.M. surgery was effective in reducing seizures BUT, had other side effects as well Can remember explicit memories acquired before the surgery e.g. old addresses, normal vocabulary Had difficulty forming NEW explicit memories e.g. remembering the name of someone he met 30 minutes prior cannot name new world leaders or performers Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; implicit memory; declarative memory; non-declarative memory; H.M.

Hippocampal damage Deficits in forming new explicit memories Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; implicit memory; declarative memory; non-declarative memory Notes: - This slide contains a video clip of a patient with hippocampal damage. Although this clip is not of patient H.M., the subject of this clip also has hippocampal damage. - To activate the clip, click on the video image.

Temporal lobe damage Monkeys and rodents with temporal lobe damage show similar patterns of deficits Impaired performance on a delayed-nonmatch-to-sample task that tests explicit memory Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; declarative memory; temporal lobe

DNMTS task Delay Sample Phase Choice Phase Key words: Delayed non-match to sample task; DNMTS Notes: This slide is a visual representation of the delayed-nonmatch to sample task described in Peter Gray's Psychology text. Subjects with temproal lobe damage are inpaired in the DNMTS task. The DNMTS task is divided into 2 phases: A sample phase and a choice phase. A delay period of varying lengths separates the sample and choice phases. Sample phase: In the sample phase, the subject is presented a visual object. In animal paradigms, the object is generally placed above a food well which contains a reward. The animal must displace the object to receive the reward. This ensures that the animal had seen the object in the sample phase. Delay: After the object is displaced, the object is removed from the subjects sight. Thus, during the delay, the subject must remember the visual object that was presented. Varying the delay length can vary the memory requirements of the task. Choice phase: After the delay period, the subject is presented two objects. One is the SAME object presented in the sample phase; the other is a novel object. The animal must chosse the novel object (i.e. the object that does not match the sample object) to obtain a reward.

Temporal lobe damage Not impaired on similar task that taps habit-based (implicit) memory Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; habit-based memory; temporal lobe

Habit-based task task Trial One Trial Two Key notes: Habit-based task This slide is a visual representation of a habit-based task described in Peter Gray's Psychology text. While subjects with temporal lobe damage are inpaired in the DNMTS task, they are NOT impaired in habit based tasks such as the one represented in this slide. This is merely one example of a habit-based task. There are many other variations that can be used. In this habit-based task, subjects are presented two objects simultaneously. One stimulus is always designated as the positive stimulus (i.e. the subject gets a reward everytime the object is chosen) and the other is considered the negative stimulus (i.e. the subject receives no reward if the negative object is chosen). The same two objects are presented every single trial. In this slide, two trials are represented. In all trials, the "heart" is the positive stimulus and the " orange sun" is the negative stimulus. On each trial, the subject has to choose the "heart" object for a reward. Sample phase: In the sample phase, the subject is presented a visual object. In animal paradigms, the object is generally placed above a food well which contains a reward. The animal must displace the object to receive the reward. This ensures that the animal had seen the object in the sample phase. Delay: After the object is displaced, the object is removed from the subjects sight. Thus, during the delay, the subject must remember the visual object that was presented. Varying the delay length can vary the memory requirements of the task. Choice phase: After the delay period, the subject is presented two objects. One is the SAME object presented in the sample phase; the other is a novel object. The animal must chosse the novel object (i.e. the object that does not match the sample object) to obtain a reward.

Patient H.M. Summary Temporal lobe damage led to deficits in explicit, but not implicit memory H.M. had both episodic and semantic memory deficits Damage to the hippocampus alone produces episodic, but not semantic memory deficits Why did H.M. show both types of explicit memory deficits? He had damage not only to hippocampus, but to other structures as well Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; implicit memory; declarative memory; non-declarative memory; H.M.; episodic memory; semantic memory; temporal lobe; hippocampus

Are memories organized? Demonstration: Recite the days of the week Recite the days of the week in alphabetical order Demonstrates that long-term memory is organized not just a random jumble of information How are memories organized? Key words: memory organization

Demonstration List of words will be read one at a time Recall as many words as possible Key words: memory organization

Demonstration Look at your sheet Is there a pattern to your answers? Most list several fruits, then vehicles, then furniture (or vice versa) Key words: memory organization

How are memories organized? Hierarchical organization Associations Key words: memory organization; hierarchical organization

Hierarchical organization Related items clustered together to form categories Related categories clustered to form higher-order categories Remember list items better if list presented in categories poorer recall if presented randomly Even if list items are random, people still organize info in some logical pattern Key words: memory organization; hierarchical organization

Hierarchical organization Key words: memory organization; hierarchical organization

How are memories organized? Hierarchical organization Associations Key words: memory organization; hierarchical organization; associations

Spreading activation model Mental links between concepts common properties provide basis for mental link Shorter path between two concepts = stronger association in memory Activation of a concept starts decremental spread of activity to nearby concepts Key words: memory organization; hierarchical organization; associations; spreading activation model

Spreading activation model Red Fire House Cherry Apple Rose Pear Ambulance Engine Truck Bus Car Flower Violet Hot Pot Stove Pan Pie Key words: memory organization; hierarchical organization; associations; spreading activation model