Emergency Preparedness and Response (GSR Part 7) School on Drafting / Reviewing Regulations 16 – 27 January 2017, Vienna, Austria Incident and Emergency Centre (IEC) Department of Nuclear Safety and Security

Preparedness and response for a… Nuclear or radiological emergency: An emergency in which there is, or is perceived to be, a hazard due to: 1) The energy resulting from a nuclear chain reaction or from the decay of the products of a chain reaction; or 2) Radiation exposure. Emergency exposure situation: A situation of exposure that arises as a result of an accident, a malicious act or other unexpected event, and requires prompt action in order to avoid or reduce adverse consequences.

Basis IAEA Safety Standards Series: No. GSR Part 7: Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency (2015) No. GSR Part 3: Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International BSS (Section IV – Emergency Exposure Situation) (2014)

Safety Requirements No. GSR Part 7 L-021: IAEA Documents for Preparedness and Response to Radiation Emergencies Safety Requirements No. GSR Part 7 Establishes requirements for an adequate level of preparedness and response for a nuclear or radiological emergency, irrespective of its cause Requirements level: ‘Shall’ or ‘What’ to be done Approved in March 2015 by IAEA Board of Governors Co-sponsored by FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, IMO, Interpol, OECD/NEA, PAHO, UNEP, UNOCHA, WHO, WMO, CTBTO Supersedes No. GS-R-2 issued in 2002 IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response

Safety Requirements No. GSR Part 3: Section 4 Relevant requirements in Section 4 on Emergency exposure situations Requirements level: ‘Shall’ or ‘What’ to be done Approved on September 2011 by IAEA Board of Governors Published 2014 Co-sponsored by EC, FAO, IAEA, ILO, OECD\NEA, PAHO, UNEP, WHO

Basis Further information can be found in: No. GS-G-2.1: Arrangements for Preparedness for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency (2007) No. GSG-2: Criteria for use in preparedness and response for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency (2011)

Safety Requirements in EPR Graded approach EPR to be commensurate with hazards and potential consequences of an emergency associated with facility, activity or source Concept of hazard assessment Emergency preparedness categories I-V Safety requirements apply this graded approach and they are addressed for facilities, activities and sources in specific category(ies) If applicable for all categories, no category is specified in requirements

Requirements Overarching requirements Associated requirements Emphasis on topic Assigned to the Government Associated requirements Detailed arrangements associated with overarching requirement topic Wherever possible, assigned to relevant organization unless responsibilities are on several organizations simultanously There is NO hierarchy among requirements!

How do these safety requirements differentiate from others? Responsibilities shared among: Government Regulatory body Operating organizations Other response organizations At the local, regional and national levels

Responsibilities in EPR General Requirement 2, GSR Part 7: The government shall make adequate preparations to anticipate, prepare for, respond to and recover from a nuclear or radiological emergency at the operating organization, local, regional and national levels, and also, as appropriate, at the international level. These preparations shall include adopting legislation and establishing regulations for effectively governing the preparedness and response for a nuclear or radiological emergency at all levels.

Responsibilities in EPR General Requirement 2, GSR Part 7: The government shall ensure that: All roles and responsibilities for preparedness and response for a nuclear or radiological emergency are clearly allocated in advance among operating organizations, the regulatory body and response organizations and They have the necessary human, financial and other resources, […], to prepare for and to deal with both radiological and non-radiological consequences of a nuclear or radiological emergency, whether the emergency occurs within or beyond national borders

Responsibilities Coordinating mechanism Requirement 2, GSR Part 7: The government shall establish a national coordinating mechanism to: Ensure that roles and responsibilities are clearly specified and are understood by all Coordinate and ensure consistency between the emergency arrangements of the various response organizations, operating organizations and the regulatory body at all levels Coordinate arrangements made for enforcing compliance with the national requirements for emergency preparedness and response as established by legislation and regulations

Responsibilities Regulatory body The government shall ensure that arrangements for preparedness and response to a nuclear or radiological emergency for facilities and activities under the responsibility of the operating organization are dealt with through the regulatory process.

Responsibilities Regulatory body The regulatory body is required to establish or adopt regulations and guides to specify the principles, requirements and associated criteria for safety upon which its regulatory judgements, decisions and actions are based. These regulations and guides shall include principles, requirements and associated criteria for emergency preparedness and response for the operating organization. The regulatory body shall verify compliance with the requirements […].

Responsibilities Operating organization The operating organization shall: Establish and maintain arrangements for on-site preparedness and response for a nuclear or radiological emergency for facilities or activities under its responsibility, in accordance with the applicable requirements. Demonstrate that, and shall provide the regulatory body with an assurance that, emergency arrangements are in place for an effective response on the site to a nuclear or radiological emergency in relation to a facility or an activity under its responsibility.

Safety Requirements in EPR Structure Functional General Infrastructural Goals of emergency preparedness and response

Goals of EPR Goal of emergency preparedness An adequate capability in place at the operating organization and local, regional, national and international* levels, for the effective response to a nuclear or radiological emergency. Integrated set of infrastructural elements that include, but are not limited to: authority and responsibilities organization and staffing coordination plans and procedures tools, equipment and facilities training, drills and exercises management system * where appropriate

Goals of EPR Goals of emergency response To regain control of the situation and to mitigate consequences To save lives To avoid or minimize severe deterministic effects To render first aid, to provide critical medical treatment and to manage the treatment of radiation injuries To reduce the risk of stochastic effects To keep the public informed and to maintain public trust To mitigate, to the extent practicable, the non-radiological consequences To protect, to the extent practicable, property and the environment To prepare, to the extent practicable, for the resumption of normal social and economic activity

Safety Requirements in EPR Structure Functional General Infrastructural Goals of emergency preparedness and response

Safety Requirements in EPR General requirements L-021: IAEA Documents for Preparedness and Response to Radiation Emergencies Safety Requirements in EPR General requirements To be fulfilled before any emergency planning can start Emergency management system Roles and responsibilities Assessment of hazards Protection strategy IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response

Emergency management system To enable an effective response at all level To be integrated under an all-hazards approach

Roles and responsibilities Clear allocation of roles and responsibilities in EPR: Government Regulatory body Operating organizations Response organizations Coordination mechanism to ensure: Roles and responsibilities are well understood Coordination and consistency among emergency arrangements at all levels Enforcement and compliance

Hazard Assessment Definition: Provides basis for: L-008: Review of International Requirements for Emergency Preparedness and Response Hazard Assessment Definition: “Assessment of hazards associated with facilities, activities or sources within or beyond the borders of a State in order to identify: Those events and the associated areas for which protective actions and other response actions may be required within the State; The actions that would be effective in mitigating the consequences of such events.” Provides basis for: Graded approach in implementing requirements in EPR Developing generically optimized arrangements in EPR IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response

Emergency Preparedness Categories L-008: Review of International Requirements for Emergency Preparedness and Response Emergency Preparedness Categories Cat. Description I Associated with facilities in which severe deterministic effects off-site are possible (e.g. reactors > 100 MW(th)) II Associated with facilities that can warrant urgent protective actions off-site but severe deterministic effects are only possible on-site (e.g. reactors 2 – 100 MW(th) III Associated with facilities that can only warrant urgent protective actions on-site, severe deterministic health effects are possible only on-site (e.g. radiotherapy facility) IV Associated with activities and sources leading to an emergency at any location (e.g. mobile industrial radiography, transport) V Associated with areas affected by a transboundary contamination necessitating prompt response (areas within emergency planning zones and distances of neighboring NPP) IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response

Protection strategy (1) L-008: Review of International Requirements for Emergency Preparedness and Response Protection strategy (1) Justified and optimized set of protective actions and other response actions to be taken in a nuclear or radiological emergency to meet the goals of emergency response To be developed: At the preparedness stage Based on the results of hazard assessment and the potential consequences of an emergency if it is to occur Involving all interested parties, as appropriate To be implemented: Safely and effectively in response to an emergency Through the execution of pre-planned emergency arrangements IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response

Protection strategy (2) L-008: Review of International Requirements for Emergency Preparedness and Response Protection strategy (2) GS-R-2 (2002) Justified and optimized intervention (any action): Goals of emergency response Intervention levels for dose actually avertable by taking specific action EALs, OILs and other indicators/observables on-site GSR Part 7, GSR Part 3, GSG-2 (2011) Justified and optimized protection strategy: Generic criteria in terms of dose projected or dose received Operational criteria (EALs, OILs and other indicators/observables on-site) Reference level in terms of residual dose Basis to take actions! Basis to assess effectiveness of actions and to optimize! IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response

Safety Requirements in EPR Structure Functional General Infrastructural Goals of emergency preparedness and response

Safety Requirements in EPR Functional requirements (1) L-021: IAEA Documents for Preparedness and Response to Radiation Emergencies Safety Requirements in EPR Functional requirements (1) Functions to be performed for response to be effective and goals of emergency response to be met Managing emergency response operations Identifying, notifying and activating Taking mitigatory actions Taking urgent protective and other response actions Providing instructions, warning and relevant information to the public IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response

Safety Requirements in EPR Functional requirements (2) L-021: IAEA Documents for Preparedness and Response to Radiation Emergencies Safety Requirements in EPR Functional requirements (2) Protecting emergency workers and helpers Managing the medical response Communicating with the public Taking early protective and other actions Managing radioactive waste Mitigating the non-radiological consequences Requesting, providing and receiving int. assistance Terminating an emergency Analysis of emergency and the response IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response

Functional requirements (1) 1. Managing emergency response operations Smooth transition from normal to emergency operations Clearly specified and unified command and control system including decision-making Coordination at any level including across border where appropriate 2. Identifying, notifying and activating Identification (Emergency Action Levels) Emergency classification General emergency, Site emergency, Facility emergency, Alert, Other Notification and activation of pre-planned response On-site and off-site (including across border) as appropriate

Functional requirements (2) 3. Performing mitigatory actions Actions to be taken to reduce the potential for conditions to develop that would result in exposure or a release of radioactive material requiring response actions on-site or off-site Authority to be given at preparedness stage Provision of off-site emergency services to support on-site response 4. Taking urgent protective actions and other response actions To avoid severe deterministic effects and to reduce the risk for stochastic effects (e.g. sheltering, evacuation, ITB, restrictions on food and comodities, preventing inadvertent ingestion etc.) Within hours to be effective; effectiveness is significantly reduced by delay NPP – Severe fuel damage: ACT BEFORE A RELEASE IF POSSIBLE Failure to do so could result in deaths and other severe deterministic effects off-site that could have been prevented

Functional requirements (3) 4. Taking urgent protective actions and other response actions Take these actions safely: Off-site emergency planning zones and distances for facilities in Category I&II: Precautionary action zone (PAZ) Urgent protective action planning zone (UPZ) Extended planning distance (EPD) Ingestion and commodities planning distance (ICPD) Arrangements to be ensured at the preparedness stage

Emergency Planning Zones and Distances Optimization of Nuclear and Radiological Emergency Preparedness and Response Optimization of Measures Taken to Protect the Public - Special Case of Severe Conditions at a Light Water Reactor Emergency Planning Zones and Distances IAEA EPR – NPP Public Protective Actions (2013) publication Emergency planning zones and distances Suggested radius (km) ≥ 1000 MW(th) ≥ 100 to 1000 MW(th) PAZ 3 to 5 UPZ 15 to 30 EPD 100 50 ICPD 300 IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response 33

Functional requirements (7) 4. Taking urgent protective actions and other response actions Appraise hazardous conditions throughout the emergency (site conditions, monitoring, sampling and assessment) to identify, characterize or anticipate new hazards or the extent of hazards to refine protection strategy Share the information among response organizations throughout the emergency including the IAEA Recognize the limitations of prediction tools

Functional requirements (4) 5. Providing instructions, warnings and associated information To potentially or actually affected public In normal operations & at preparedness stage: Identify target population groups Communicate to them in understandable language: Potential for an emergency and hazards associated Arrangements in place to protect them (warning, actions to take) In emergency Warn them and instruct them what to do To help identify those affected by an emergency Cat. I, II & V Cat. III&IV

Functional requirements (5) 6. Protecting emergency workers and helpers Emergency worker Worker with a duty in emergency response operating personnel, directly or indirectly employed first responders, drivers&crews of evacuation vehicles etc. Designation prior to the emergency & fitness for duty Integration of those not designated in advance Helper in an emergency Volunteers on the part of public Integration and protection as for emergency workers not designated in advance

Functional requirements (6) 6. Protecting emergency workers and helpers Identification of hazardous conditions in which they may need to take actions Provision of appropriate protection: Training (including ‘just-in-time’ training) Dose management, control and recording Protective equipment, ITB, monitoring equipment Informed consent and medical attention, as needed Apply dose restrictions

004-Threat Assessment (threat categories)and Planning Documents Guidance Values for Restricting Exposure of Emergency Workers [GSR Part 7] TASKS GUIDANCE VALUES Hp(10) E ADT Life saving actions < 500 mSv < 1 2 ADT, SDE a This value may be exceeded — with due consideration of the generic criteria used for taking actions to prevent severe deterministic effects to occur — under circumstances in which the expected benefits to others clearly outweigh the emergency worker’s own health risks, and the emergency worker volunteers to take the action and understands and accepts these health risks Actions to prevent severe deterministic effects and actions to prevent the development of catastrophic conditions that could significantly affect people and the environment < 1 2 ADT, SDE Actions to avert a large collective dose < 100 mSv < 1 10 ADT, SDE (a) Values of RBE weighted absorbed dose to a tissue or organ at which protective actions and other response actions are to be taken in a nuclear or radiological emergency to avoid or to minimize severe deterministic effects. IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response 38 38

Functional requirements (8) 7. Managing the medical response Medical screening and triage, medical treatment and longer term medical actions for those affected in the emergency Provision of first aid, triage, transportation Specialized treatment of overexposed resulting in severe deterministic effects Dose estimation Early detection and treatment of stochastic effects among the exposed population Medical practitioners make appropriate notifications and implement the response actions Presentation of medical symptoms of radiation exposure Other effects indicating possible radiological emergency

Functional requirements (9) 8. Communicate with the public throughout the emergency Provide useful, timely, truthful, coordinated, consistent and appropriate information Account for loss of usual communication Account for any sensitive information Develop a system to place health hazards in perspective: To support informed decisions concerning emergency response actions to be taken To help assure that actions taken do more good than harm To address public concerns regarding health consequences (e.g. Am I safe?) Monitor and address misleading information and actions taken beyond actions that are warranted Respond to enquiries from the public and news media

Functional requirements (10) 9. Taking early protective actions and other response actions To reduce the risk of stochastic effects (e.g. restrictions on food and commodities, relocation, prevention of inadvertent ingestion etc.) Within days to weeks and still be effective on the basis of monitoring and assessment Develop monitoring strategy and use OILs Specific to emergency planning distances (EPD, ICPD) Provisions to extend areas within EPD&ICPD if needed Access control and restriction control for areas in which evacuations and relocations are carried out

Functional requirements (11) 10. Managing radioactive waste during an emergency Ensure safe and effective management of radioactive waste Do not compromise protection strategy Consider, at preparedness stage, its impact on waste to be produced Minimize the amount of material declared as radioactive waste Ensure method of identifying appropriate storage options and sites Respect national policy and strategy for rad. waste management Consider management of contaminated human and animal remains

e.g. Goiania radiological accident Source: Cs-137 Activity: 50.9 TBq Volume of waste produced: about 3500 m3

Functional requirements (12) 11. Mitigating the non-radiological consequences Adverse psychological, social and economic consequences May arise from emergency itself or from actions taken Considered them in development of protection strategy Provide the public with: Information and place the health hazard in perspective Medical and psychological support Social support Protect international trade Identify and address inappropriate actions

Functional requirements (13) 12. Requesting, providing and receiving international assistance On the basis of multilateral instruments (e.g. Assistance Convention) or bilateral arrangements Be able to: request international assistance when needed receive assistance rendered timely respond to request for assistance

Functional requirements (14) 13. Terminating a nuclear or radiological emergency Prepare to terminate the emergency Recovery Transition to existing or planned exposure situation Ensure consultation with interested parties Adjust protective actions and other actions Inform the public Ensure: Clear roles and responsibilities Organization, criteria, guidelines

Functional requirements (15) 14. Analysis of emergency and emergency response identifying root causes to prevent similar emergencies to occur identifying improvements needed in emergency arrangements Preserve data and information during response to the extent practicable Identify general implications to safety Be able acquire the expertise needed

Safety Requirements in EPR Structure Functional General Infrastructural Goals of emergency preparedness and response

Safety Requirements in EPR Requirements for infrastructure L-021: IAEA Documents for Preparedness and Response to Radiation Emergencies Safety Requirements in EPR Requirements for infrastructure Infrastructural elements essential for performing response functions Authority Organization and staffing Coordination Plans and procedures Logistical support and facilities Training, drills and exercises QM programme IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response

Thank you for your attention! Mr Phillip VILAR WELTER Associate Incident and Emergency Assessment Officer Incident and Emergency Centre (IEC) Department of Nuclear Safety and Security P.Vilar-Welter@iaea.org