Chapter 1 The Amazing Computer Peter Norton’s Introduction to Computers Chapter 1 The Amazing Computer WOW!

Learning Objectives: List at least five professions in which computers are routinely used, and describe at least on of the ways computers have affected the work of people in those professions. List the four parts of a computer system. Identify four kinds of computer hardware. List the two major categories of software and explain the purpose of each. List the four most common types of computers available today and describe what kind of job each does best.

Computer - an electronic device used to process data. abcde

Computer System: Hardware - physical parts of the computer Software - instructions to the computer Data - raw facts the computer can manipulate People - also known as users

Computer Hardware - any part of the computer you can touch. Processor Memory Input and Output Devices Storage Devices

Some types of hardware devices. Output Processor Memory Input and output Storage Input

Software - electronic instructions to the computer Software - electronic instructions to the computer. Also referred to as a “program.” Two types: System Software Application Software

System Software: Operating Systems Disk Utilities Windows 95 OS/2 Disk Utilities

Application Software: Word Processing Spreadsheets Graphics Databases Entertainment Educational Communications Presentation

Application software and system software work together to provide useful output.

Software brings a computer to life.

Types of Computers: Supercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer Microcomputer Mainframe computer

Microcomputer Supercomputer Minicomputer

Who Uses Computers? Military Doctors Educators Engineers Architects Musicians Filmmakers Attorneys Bankers Architects

A medical team using “robodoc” to assist in surgery.

Musicians can use MIDI technology to compose and edit their work.

Learning Objectives: Chapter 1 Review List at least five professions in which computers are routinely used, and describe at least on of the ways computers have affected the work of people in those professions. List the four parts of a computer system. Identify four kinds of computer hardware. List the two major categories of software and explain the purpose of each. List the four most common types of computers available today and describe what kind of job each does best.

Chapter 2 Processing Data Peter Norton’s Introduction to Computers Useful output Data 0101111 1100111 0100001 1000111

Learning Objectives: Identify the main difference between data and information. List two reasons why computers use the binary number system. List the two main parts of the CPU and explain how they work together to process data. Name three differences between RAM and ROM. List three hardware features that affect processing speed. Name the two best-known families of CPUs and list their differences.

Data - raw facts Information - meaningful data (useful output)

Decimal Numbers - Base 10 Notation Binary Numbers Number Systems:

Bit = binary digit - Smallest unit of data Byte = 8 bits Bits and Bytes: Bit = binary digit - Smallest unit of data Byte = 8 bits

On-off circuits are simple and are not prone to errors. Computers represent data with electrical switches. = 1 On-off circuits are simple and are not prone to errors. = 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 One byte is made up of 8 bits. (binary 01001000 = decimal 72) (ASCII 01001000 = the letter “H”)

Computer parts communicate using binary numbers. The greater the number of bits moved at one time, the faster the processing speed.

- (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) Text Codes: EBCDIC “EB-si-dic” - (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) ASCII “As-key” - (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) Unicode - (Unicode Worldwide Character Standard)

CPU (Central Processing Unit) - the brain of the computer Two parts: CU (Control Unit) ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit)

Control Unit - Controls the flow of data into and from the Central Processing Unit.

Arithmetic/Logic Unit - Performs Arithmetic functions and Logical operations.

The CU and ALU are in the CPU.

RAM - Random Access Memory Types of Memory: ROM - Read Only Memory (contains the basic input output system or BIOS) RAM - Random Access Memory (user programs and data go here)

The ROM is nonvolatile because it will not lose its contents when powered down. RAM plugs into sockets on the motherboard.

Adding RAM often increases system performance.

The CPU can read RAM much faster than it can the hard disk.

CPU Manufacturers: Intel Motorola AMD Cyrix

CPU Models: 8086 1978 8088 1979 80286 1982 80386 1985 80486 1989 Pentium 1993 Penium Pro 1995 Pentium II 1997

the clock, the faster the The Pentium II has 7.5 million transistors, more than double the number included on the original Pentium chip. It can operate from 233 MHz to 400 MHz and beyond. About MHz: the faster the clock, the faster the processing speed. (1 MHz = 1 million clock cycles per second)

Learning Objectives: Chapter 2 Review Identify the main difference between data and information. List two reasons why computers use the binary number system. List the two main parts of the CPU and explain how they work together to process data. Name three differences between RAM and ROM. List three hardware features that affect processing speed. Name the two best-known families of CPUs and list their differences.

Interacting with Your Computer Peter Norton’s Introduction to Computers Chapter 3 Interacting with Your Computer

Learning Objectives: List at least three common input and output devices. Name the processes a video monitor uses to displays images. Name the components of a mouse and list the common techniques used to maintain a mouse. Name three types of printers and list the advantages and disadvantages of each. Explain how input and output devices communicate with the other parts of the computer.

Input Devices: Keyboard Mouse Trackball Trackpad Pen Touch Screen Bar Code Reader Image Scanner Microphone Video

When it gets sluggish, turn it over and remove the cover plate. Right click The mouse is a fairly intuitive input device. Left click When it gets sluggish, turn it over and remove the cover plate. Carefully clean the ball and rollers.

Parts of a Keyboard: Alphanumeric Keys Modifier Keys Numeric Keypad Function Keys Cursor-movement Keys Escape Key Special-purpose Keys

Factors Affecting Monitors: Size Resolution Refresh rate Dot pitch

One complete set of scan lines is called a frame. The picture is scanned from left to right and from top to bottom. Size is measured diagonally. One complete set of scan lines is called a frame. Refresh rate = number of frames in one second 1 pixel in a color monitor Resolution = no. of pixels (i.e. 1024 x 768)

Flat-Panel Monitors: LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Passive Matrix Active Matrix (Notebooks use LCD displays)

Types of Printers: Ink Jet Laser Dot-Matrix Thermal-Wax Dye-Sub Fiery IRIS Plotter

Ink jets are popular because of their relatively low cost and color capability.

Laser printers are faster and capable of high resolution. Heat roller bonds toner to paper Toner transferred from drum to paper Laser transfers image to drum Rotating mirror Laser beam Paper is given a static charge

Printer Criteria: Image Quality Speed Initial Cost Cost of Operation

Types of Interfaces: Serial Parallel Centronics SCSI

Serial data transmission is relatively slow! UART Receiver RS232 Driver Start bit Stop Bit Bit 6 Bit 3 Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 4 Bit 7 Bit 0 Bit 5 To modem Transmitter Serial data transmission is relatively slow! Control The serial ports transfer data one bit at a time.

The parallel port transfers data one byte at a time. PIA Receiver Drivers To printer Transmitter Control The parallel port transfers data one byte at a time.

A SCSI card can be plugged into an expansion slot. SCSI devices can be daisychained.

Learning Objectives: Chapter 3 Review List at least three common input and output devices. Name the processes a video monitor uses to displays images. Name the components of a mouse and list the common techniques used to maintain a mouse. Name three types of printers and list the advantages and disadvantages of each. Explain how input and output devices communicate with the other parts of the computer.

Storing Information in a Computer Peter Norton’s Introduction to Computers Chapter 4 Storing Information in a Computer

Learning Objectives: List four common types of storage devices. Name three common uses of floppy disks. Name the four data disk areas on floppy and hard disks. List three ways tape drives differ from disk drives. Identify four types of optical storage devices. Name and describe the four main disk drive interface standards.

Storage Media - the physical components or materials on which data is stored.

Storage Devices - the hardware components that write data to, and read it from, storage media.

Types of Storage: Magnetic Optical

Optical: the bits are read using light. Magnetic: the bits are written and read using magnetism.

Magnetic Storage Devices: Diskettes Hard disks Removable hard disks Magnetic tape

Tape drive Floppy drive Hard drive

Optical Storage Devices: Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) Write Once, Read Many (WORM) Phase-Change Rewritable disks Magneto-optical disks

CD-ROM

Factors that Affect Drive Performance: Average Access Time Data-transfer Rate

Average Access Time - the average time it takes a read/write head to move from one place on the recording medium to any other place on the medium.

Data-transfer Rate - a measure of how long it takes the device to read or write a given amount of data.

Head RAM Hard drive

Formatting - the process of mapping a diskette by dividing it into Tracks and Sectors.

Tracks - a set of magnetic concentric circles. Sector - a pie-like slice of disk.

Four Areas of a Disk: The boot record The file-allocation table (FAT) The root folder or directory The data area

Drive-Interface Standards: Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI) Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)

Learning Objectives: Chapter 4 Review List four common types of storage devices. Name three common uses of floppy disks. Name the four data disk areas on floppy and hard disks. List three ways tape drives differ from disk drives. Identify four types of optical storage devices. Name and describe the four main disk drive interface standards.

The Operating System and the User Interface Peter Norton’s Introduction to Computers Chapter 5 The Operating System and the User Interface

Learning Objectives: Define the terms “operating system” and “user interface.” Name three major functions of the operating system and explain the importance of each function from the user’s perspective. List five types of utility software and describe how each can be used to enhance the functionality of an operating system. Define the term “multitasking” and list two ways it saves time for a user. List three other significant operating systems, aside from DOS and Windows.

Operating System(OS) - provides an interface for the user, software, hardware, and file management.

Functions of the Operating System: Provides the instruction to display the on-screen elements with which you interact. Loads programs into the computer’s memory so that you can use them. Coordinates how programs work with the CPU, RAM, keyboard, mouse, printer, and other hardware as well as with other software. Manages the way information is stored on and retrieved from disks.

Operating Systems: DOS Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows NT OS/2 Warp Mac OS UNIX

DOS uses a command-line interface.

Windows 98 features the Active Desktop. A single user interface allows a user to browse the internet and the local computer resources.

Graphical User Interface (GUI) - (pronounced “gooey”) Uses graphics (icons) to represent commands and programs which are chosen using a mouse.

Icon - a graphic that represents printers, fonts, document files, folders, and so on.

Most people like icons because it’s easy to understand them and remember what they do.

Factors When Upgrading Your Operating System: CPU Type Memory Disk Space Compatibility

Operating System Services: Saves the contents of files to a disk for permanent storage. Reads the contents of a file from disk into memory. Sends a document to the printer and activates the printer. Provides resources that let you copy or move data from one document to another, or from one program to another.

A hierarchical file system

Files can be managed with Windows Explorer.

Operating System Services: Allocates RAM among various programs that you may have open. Performs the seemingly simple activity of recognizing keystrokes or mouse clicks and displaying characters or graphics on the screen.

The operating system acts as an intermediary between the software and the hardware.

O.L.E. (Object Linking and Embedding - data is copied from one type of document and embedded into another. The data that is copied retains a link with the original document.

Multitasking - means being able to perform two or more procedures at the same time--such as printing a multipage document, sending e-mail over the Internet, and typing a letter--all simultaneously.

1 2 3 4

Interrupt Request (IRQ) - used by the operating system to send requests to use memory and other hardware devices attached to the computer system.

Operating System Utilities: File Defragmentation Data Compression Backup Software Data Recovery Software Antivirus Utilities Screen Savers

Defragmenting the hard drive can make file access faster.

Learning Objectives: Chapter 5 Review Define the terms “operating system” and “user interface.” Name three major functions of the operating system and explain the importance of each function from the user’s perspective. List five types of utility software and describe how each can be used to enhance the functionality of an operating system. Define the term “multitasking” and list two ways it saves time for a user. List three other significant operating systems, aside from DOS and Windows.