The Roots of Imperialism 9.1

Causes of Imperialism Economic Benefits American military strengthens Colonies can provide raw materials/natural resources; Extractive colonies USA was producing so much that overseas markets were needed to control the economy American military strengthens Alfred T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1900= 3rd Largest navy

Causes of Imperialism Social Darwinism Belief that life consists of competitive struggles; Only the strongest/fittest survive Certain nations/races were superior to others, destined to rule over inferior peoples/cultures

1st Steps Toward World Power 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry & Japan Negotiated a trade treaty with Japan 1867, William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million Rich in natural resources & doubled the size of the nation 1889, 1st International Pan-American Conference Economic cooperation b/t the USA & Central/South America

USA acquires Hawaii Sugar cane plantations established in late 18th century; Sugar plantations controlled Hawaii 1887= American planters convinced King Kalakaua to amend Hawaii’s constitution; Voting rights limited to wealthy landowners 1890’s; American planters faced 2 crises: 1) New tariff law made Hawaiian sugar more expensive for Americans to buy 2) Queen Liliuokalani fought against American planters; Abolished constitution 1898= Hawaii annexed, made an official US territory

The Spanish-American War 9.2

Causes of the War American businessmen had over $50 million invested in sugar cane plantations Led by Jose Marti, Cuban rebels fought against Spain’s military (1895) Spanish General Valeriano Weyler created concentration camps for Cuba’s population American property was being destroyed; Over 400,000 Cubans would die in camps

Causes of the War The Yellow Press Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) & William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) Exaggerated Spanish atrocities; Compared Cuban rebels to patriots of American Revolution Fueled American jingoism (aggressive nationalism)

Causes of the War Explosion of the USS Maine Occurred on Havana Harbor, 1898 “Remember the Maine!” April of 1898, US Navy blockaded Cuban ports Led Spain to declare war on the United States

The War Commodore George Dewey led US Navy to Spanish-owned Philippines Emilio Aguinaldo, Filipino nationalist, led rebellion against Spanish military August 1898, Spanish surrender island to US forces June of 1898, Thousands of US soldiers land in Cuba Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders

The War

Effects of the War Treaty of Paris= Ended the Spanish-American War Spain lost: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam; Sold Philippines to US for $20 million Philippines would become America’s next issue Imperialists vs. Anti-Imperialists Imperialists= Believed that America must civilize Filipinos & govern them; Philippines= Stepping stone to China Anti-Imperialists= Formed Anti-Imperialist League; Condemned imperialism as a crime

The United States & East Asia 9.3

Filipino Rebel Against U.S. (1899-1902) Emilio Aguinaldo led an insurrection (rebellion) against U.S. forces Rebels relied on guerilla warfare Filipino civilian placed in concentration camps by American military 1901= Aguinaldo captured by U.S. forces By end of Filipino-American War: 5,000 Americans killed; Over 200,000 Filipinos killed U.S. spent almost $400 million dollars

Filipino Self-Rule 1901= William Howard Taft, future president, became governor of Philippines Extended limited self-rule; Had schools, roads, & bridges built 1916= The Jones Act is passed Promised full independence to the Philippines Occurred 30 years later after U.S. forces liberated the island from Japanese occupation during WWII.

U.S. Pursues Interests in China Major powers carved China into spheres of interests Which country is left out? 1899= John Hay, Secretary of State, notified world leaders that U.S. wanted to trade in China; the “Open Door” Note

The Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) A response to growing influence of outsiders; Righteous & Harmonious Fists Secret society known as the Boxers Celebrated traditional Chinese customs; Denounce Chinese converts to Christianity May of 1900= The Boxers killed foreign missionaries & took over the foreign diplomats’ district in Beijing European, American, Japanese forces sent to Beijing to crush rebellion China forced to pay for damage caused by the rebellion

Hay’s Open Door Policy U.S. wanted to “preserve Chinese territorial & administrative entity” U.S. didn’t want to create colonies in China U.S. wanted free trade in China

Imperialism: U.S. & Latin America

Policy in Puerto Rico & Cuba 1900= Foraker Act; Created government in PR & gave U.S. certain powers U.S. could appoint a governor in PR Platt Amendment Restricted the rights of newly independent Cubans Required Cuba to provide naval station in U.S. Gave U.S. right to intervene in Cuban affairs

Roosevelt & Big Stick Diplomacy Big Stick Diplomacy= Policy of using a strong military force to achieve goals Panama Canal 35,000 workers used, Over 5,000 died; Completed in 1914 Panama was part of Columbia; Roosevelt threatened to support Panamanian rebellion if Columbia did not approve plans to build canal Roosevelt Corollary= Update of the Monroe Doctrine (1823); U.S would be police power of Latin America

Taft & Dollar Diplomacy William Howard Taft; Elected President in 1908 Dollar Diplomacy= Policy of expanding American investments in Latin America Substituted “Dollars for Bullets” U.S investments would encourage nations to be friendly to the U.S.

Wilson & Moral Diplomacy Elected president in 1912; Policy of promoting human rights & avoiding the use of military force Revolution in Mexico For decades, Mexico ruled by dictator Porfirio Diaz 1911= Francisco Madero led a revolution; but was a terrible leader Wilson supported Venustiano Carranza, a reformer. Poor leadership led to the rise of another rebellion, led by Pancho Villa; Killed 18 Americans in a raid in Columbus, New Mexico