Informative Speaking: 2.7-2.9 2.7: Organization 2.8: Beginnings & Endings 2.9: Language

2.7: Organization Why is Organization Important? Makes information Manageable for the audience. Ask Yourself: How can I best create meaning for my audience?

Organization: 3 Primary Paths Chronological Spatial Topical Used when the main points you plan to make in your speech are naturally related to each other by time. Used when your topic is structured according to geography or location. Most often used for informative speeches. Many topics you investigate are naturally grouped around headings, categories, or clusters of information. You can use the natural, logical clusters of info to arrange your speech.

Organization: 3 Primary Paths Chronological Spatial Topical Time Sequence In March I appeared on “Jeopardy.” Then, in April I appeared on “The price is Right.” Finally, in May I made a guest appearance on Family Feud. Geographical/ Location You can start your Appalachian Trail adventures in Fannin County, GA About 2 miles from the midpoint, you might consider visiting Pennsylvania’s Pine Grove Furnace State Park Finally, achieve bona fide wilderness explorer status when you reach Mt. Katahdin in Maine. Categorical First, I will inform you how to properly dress for an interview. Next, we will discuss proper attire for an evening work event. Finally, I’ll help you judge how to create an appropriate “Casual Friday” outfit

2.7: Organization Cookies Traveling Chronological Spatial Topical

2.7: Organization Fashion Wine Chronological Spatial Topical

Organizing your speech All speeches are structured in three sections Introduction (beginning) Body (middle) Conclusion (ending)

2.8: Beginnings & Endings Beginnings I. Attention Seeking Devices Humor Stories Quotations Imagery Shocking Statistics Rhetorical Questions

2.8: Beginnings & Endings Beginnings 1. Attention Seeking Device 2. Tie-in to Audience (TIA) Connects your topic to your audience Answers the question, “What’s in it for me?” from your audience Failure to connect the topic to the audience = reduced credibility and attention to your speech Use “you” “us” “we” statements

2.8: Beginnings & Endings Beginnings 1. Attention Seeking Device 2. Tie-in to Audience (TIA) 3. Credibility Statement Answers the question, “Why are you qualified to talk about this subject” from your audience Make it conversational Avoid beginning with “I’m credible to talk about this because…”

2.8: Beginnings & Endings Beginnings 1. Attention Seeking Device 2. Tie-in to Audience (TIA) 3. Credibility Statement 4. Thesis Statement Provides a roadmap for your audience Answers the question “What’s this speech going to be about?” from your audience Audiences like to know what direction you are headed; it keeps them engaged

Thesis Statements: p.106 Thesis Statements SHOULD: Establish your Main Idea Preview your Main Points

2.8: Beginnings & Endings Beginnings Beginnings: Choice 2 1. Attention Seeking Device 2. Tie-in to Audience (TIA) 3. Credibility Statement 4. Thesis Statement 1. Attention Seeking Device 2. Reveal Topic 3. Relevancy to Audience 4. Credibility Statement 5. Thesis Statement

2.7: Organization - The Body Outlining the body of the speech requires that you follow the 5 principles of outlining: The body should be constructed to include between 2-4 main points. Your ideas should be organized into main points and their subordinate points without overlap. Each main point should have at least two subordinate points. Main points and subordinate points should be organized logically. Main points and subordinate points should have parallel structure

Organization: Transition Statements Transitions should LINK: Conclude Previous Main Point Introduce Next Main Point

2.8: Beginnings & Endings Endings Review Main Points Closing Statement

2.8: Tips on intros and conclusions Memorize and polish them! They’re the audience’s first and last impression of you Use similar techniques for endings as you did for beginnings

2.9: Language Language is a symbol-system Words, nonverbal actions, intangibles and objects are symbols Language allows us to negotiate our shared understandings. Triangle of Meaning (p.117) Not a 1-to-1 relationship between a symbol and its referent, the thing for which the symbol stands The relationship/meaning is created when we work together to communicate our thoughts, references, and relationships within context.

2.9: Language Denotative – “Dictionary” – or Literal – meaning. Connotative- Words that have certain associations, feelings, or understandings that are connected. Words often have more than one literal meaning, depending on the communication situation in play. This is where connotative meaning comes in.

2.9: Language Melissa Marshall: Talk Nerdy to Me

2.9: Language Define new terms Give audience a frame of reference Create shared perspectives Intentional language choice gives the speaker power to identify with his/her audience.