Geographies of Development Geography 2 Geographies of Development

Keywords Development Normative Sustainable Growth vs. progress HDI GNI GDP Poverty rate Extreme and moderate poverty GII MMR Income inequality, champagne glass effect Gini coefficient Lorenz curve Rostow model Dependency theory World systems theory Neoliberalism Structural adjustment Poverty reduction and UN millennium development goals

What is development? Normative Growth vs progress Conventional vs sustainable Is there a cost to development?

Measuring Development Economic GNI GDP Poverty Rate Extreme and Moderate Poverty Social Health Education Gender, GII Environmental Clean water Pollution Loss of forest

HDI: Human Development Index HDI: Life expectancy, expected years of schooling, per capita GNI HDI Life Expectancy Expected Years Per Capita GNI (years) of schooling ($PPP) Norway .944 81 17.3 $64,992 2. Australia .935 82.4 20.2 $42,261 3.Switzerland .930 83 15.8 $56,431 4. Denmark .923 80.2 18.7 $44,025 5. Netherlands .922 81.6 17.9 $45,435 8. U.S. .914 79 16.5 $52,308 155. Zimbabwe .509 57.5 10.9 $1,615 171. Afghanistan .465 60.4 9.3 $1,885 188. Niger .348 61.4 5.4 $908

Has any region seen increases in the rate of extreme poverty? Huge changes from 1981-2008, most remarkably in East Asia, led by the rise of China. China reduced its poverty rate from 84% to 13% during this time period. Has any region seen increases in the rate of extreme poverty? Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

140 – above 120 – 139 100 – 119 Below 100 No Data

Adolescent fertility rate measures the annual number of births to adolescent women 15-19 years of age per 1000 women in that age group.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Wealth and Income Income distribution Income inequality Increasing; since end of communism inequality in Eastern and central Europe has risen by 40% In the United States, the 1% of the population with the highest income had their household incomes grow by 275% between 1979-2007; no other American income group saw more than a 65% increase and the poorest Americans saw about an 18% increase. For every $100 held by the world’s richest 20%, $70 are held in OECD countries. $28 are split between Latin America, East Asia, and eastern and central Europe. $2 are in Africa. Incomes of the 500 richest people in the world exceeds the incomes of 400 million others. World’s richest 20% population held 70% of the income of the world. World’s poorest 20% held 2% of global income. 2007.

Wealth and Income Measuring income inequality Gini Coefficient: closer to 0, the more equal the distribution of income. Uses the…. Lorenz Curve: economist Max Lorenz, relationship between population and income (by 10% groupings). In the ideal, 10% of the country has 10% of the income…so the curve measures how far a country deviates from the ideal. Most equal: Denmark: 24.7 Japan: 24.9 Others: U.S.: 40.8 Brazil: 59.3 Namibia: 70.7 (richest 20% hold 80% of income)

What Are the Barriers to Development? Geographic conditions? Institutional and structural conditions?

Development Theory Rostow…Classical…International Trade Export-oriented Trickle-down Self-Sufficiency Dependistas ISI World Systems Wallerstein Core/Periphery

Financing Development Neoliberalism Market reforms Deregulation Critique of neoliberalism Loss of government spending on social programs Loss of food subsidies Devaluation of currency Dependency on exports Dependency on external agencies Financing Development World Bank IMF Debt

Alternatives? Poverty reduction theory UN’s Millennium Development Goals Fair Trade Importance of Scale

The problems with traditional development projects: dams Why are dams good development projects? What’s not-so-good about dams as development projects? The Mahaweli River Project Sri Lanka Hoover And Glen Canyon Dams, Colorado R.

The world’s largest dam: The Three Gorges Dam

Aswan High Dam, Egypt