Lesson Starter 3 of these images show chemical reactions.

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Presentation transcript:

Lesson Starter 3 of these images show chemical reactions. Which image do you think does not? Explain your answer. I think that……. Because…..

Learning Intention Understand the difference between a CHEMICAL and PHYSICAL reaction, and give examples of each Make observations of chemical reactions Name 3 things that indicate a chemical reaction has happened

Chemical Vs Physical PHYSICAL REACTION No new substance formed Easily reversed CHEMICAL REACTION One or more NEW substance formed Not easily reversed

Task:- Sort the pictures into two categories Physical Chemical

Signs of a Chemical Reaction Watch the demo Think, Pair, Share What signs were there that a chemical reaction has taken place?

Signs of a Chemical Reaction Change in COLOUR A solid is produced from 2 liquids (Precipitation) A gas is produced (effervescence) Signs of a Chemical Reaction A change in temperature Sound energy is produced Light energy produced (flash/light)

Experiment Instructions Collect apparatus and PUT GOGGLES ON Test tube Clamp stand Bunsen burner Heat proof mat Tub of COPPER CARBONATE Instructions Collect apparatus and PUT GOGGLES ON Add half a spatula of copper carbonate into a dry test tube Clamp test tube at open end and ensure it is FACING AWAY FROM EVERYONE Light your Bunsen burner Heat the copper carbonate with the BLUE FLAME Observe Goggles at all times Test tube AWAY from everyone Stand up always Long hair tied back No daftness

Experiment: Discussion What did you observe? What signs of a chemical reaction did you see? Copper carbonate: copper, carbon, oxygen

Task : write Draw a labelled diagram in your jotter of the experiment Write down the safety measures you had to take for the experiment Underneath thediagram, make a note of the signs of the chemical reaction you observed

Homework Write down 3 examples of CHEMICAL reactions and 3 examples of PHYSICAL reactions.

Exit Pass On your exit pass, write down 3 signs of a chemical reaction #ChemicalReaction

Lesson Starter Write down 3 examples of signs of chemical reactions Give 2 examples of a CHEMICAL reaction in every day life Give 2 examples of a PHYSICAL reaction in every day life

Learning Intention To be able to safely carry out experiments To recognise signs of a chemical reaction

Looking back.. Copper Carbonate experiment How did we know a chemical reaction had happened?

Instructions Apparatus Goggles on! Goggles Test tube Small beaker Add 3 cm depth of lead nitrate solution to a test tube. Add the same volume of potassium iodide solution to the same test tube. Observe carefully. Filter the contents of the test tube using filter paper. Draw a labelled diagram of the experiment and answer the following questions in your jotter: What did you observe? What 2 indicators of a chemical reaction did you see? Apparatus Goggles Test tube Small beaker Filter funnel Filter paper Lead nitrate solution Potassium iodide solution

Instructions Apparatus Goggles Boiling tube Spatula Hydrochloric Acid Goggles on! Add 3 cm of 1 mol l-1 hydrochloric acid to a boiling tube. Add a spatula of powdered chalk (calcium carbonate). Observe carefully. Draw a labelled diagram of the experiment and answer the following questions in your jotter: What did you observe? What indicator of a chemical reaction did you see? Apparatus Goggles Boiling tube Spatula Hydrochloric Acid Calcium Carbonate

Copy and Complete Physical Reaction Chemical reaction

Frying an egg

Burning paper

Melting wax

Burning petrol in a car engine

Condensation on windows on a cold day

Breaking glass

Making toast

Dissolving sugar in tea

Baking a cake

Concrete setting

Separating sand and salt

Lighting a match

Washing drying on the line

Water Freezing

Boiling potatoes

And now for the answers. How many did you get correct?

Frying an egg Chemical reaction

Burning paper Chemical reaction

Melting wax Physical change

Burning petrol in a car engine Chemical reaction Burning petrol in a car engine

Condensation on windows on a cold day Physical change

Breaking glass Physical change

Chemical reaction Making toast

Dissolving sugar in tea Physical change Dissolving sugar in tea

Chemical reaction Baking a cake

Concrete setting Chemical reaction

Separating sand and salt Physical change Separating sand and salt

Chemical reaction Lighting a match

Washing drying on the line Physical change

Water Freezing Physical change

Chemical reaction Boiling potatoes

Complete homework task 1

Explain the difference between a chemical and a physical reaction Lesson Starter Explain the difference between a chemical and a physical reaction

Learning Intention To understand the difference between a dilute and concentrated solution

What does it mean? Soluble/Insoluble

Solutions

Concentrated and Dilute Solutions Solutions= dilute or concentrated Dilute= small quantity of solute dissolved Concentrated= large quantity of solute dissolved Dilute/concentrated

Concentrated and Dilute solutions How do we make a solution more dilute? Add more solvent

A saturated solution is one in which no more solute can be dissolved. Saturation A saturated solution is one in which no more solute can be dissolved.

Write the definitions in your jotter for: Soluble Insoluble Solvent Solute Solution Saturation

Write the definitions in your jotter for: Soluble- Substance can dissolve Insoluble- Substance can’t dissolve Solvent- Liquid that substance is dissolved in Solute- Solid that is dissolved Solution- Mixture of two or more different substances Saturation- when no more solute can be dissolved

Concentrated and Dilute solutions (copy) Solutions can be described as dilute or concentrated depending on how much of the solute is dissolved in the solvent. A dilute solution contains only a small quantity of solute dissolved in the solvent. A concentrated solution contains a large quantity of solute dissolved in the solvent.

Experiment: Making Concentrated and Dilute Solutions Put the test tubes into a rack and use a measuring cylinder to add the coloured solution as shown in the diagram. Add water to the test tubes to give a total volume of 20 cm3 each. Draw a diagram showing what has happened to the colour in each test tube.

Questions: Making Concentrated and Dilute Solutions Which test tube has the most concentrated solution? Which test tube has the most dilute solution? What happens to the colour as more water is added? Which substance is the solute? Which substance is the solvent?

Lesson Starter: What’s the link?

To learn about acidic, alkaline and neutral solutions Learning Intention To learn about acidic, alkaline and neutral solutions

Acids, Alkalis and Neutral Solutions Solutions can be concentrated or dilute Also classified ACIDIC, ALKALINE, NEUTRAL

Can be either DILUTE or CONCENTRATED Acids and Alkalis Can be either DILUTE or CONCENTRATED

Concentrated Solutions Strong Corrosive Attack and destroy

Dilute Solutions Weak Irritant Common household products

Acids, Alkalis, Neutrals (copy) As well as being classified as concentrated or dilute, solutions can also be classified as acidic (acids), alkaline (alkalis) or neutral (neutral solutions).

Acids and Alkalis Solutions can be identified using their pH number. Measure pH with INDICATOR pH scale

Universal Indicator A pH indicator is a solution that changes colour to show the pH it is in. The most common indicator is universal indicator.

pH Scale (copy) Acids, alkalis and neutral solutions can be identified using their pH number. The pH of a solution can be measured using indicator paper or universal indicator and the colour compared to a colour chart to find the pH.

pH Scale Copy and complete the following sentences: Acids have a pH of __________ 7. Alkalis have a pH of __________ 7. Neutral solutions have a pH __________ 7.

Experiment Apparatus Dimple tray Solutions to be tested Universal indicator pH chart Stirring rod Instructions Goggles on! Add a small amount of a substance to a dimple on a dimple tray. Add 2 drops of universal indicator to the substance in the dimple and stir with a clean stirring rod. Find the pH of the substance by comparing the colour of the universal indicator with a pH colour chart. Repeat steps 1 to 3 for the remaining substances. Safety! Goggles on always Clear up spills No daftness

Colour of Universal Indicator Bicarbonate of soda solution Name of Substance Colour of Universal Indicator pH Acid, Alkali or Neutral? Hydrochloric acid Sodium hydroxide Coke   Vinegar Bicarbonate of soda solution Milk Pure water Lemon juice Salt solution Oven cleaner Toothpaste

Think.. Where on the pH chart are acids? What happens to the strength of the solution the closer to 1 it gets? What is the pH of alkaline solutions? What happens to the strength of the alkali the closer to 14 it is? What is a neutral solution? Give me examples of an every day acid, alkali, neutral

Give me 2 examples of an acid, alkali and neutral Lesson Starter Give me 2 examples of an acid, alkali and neutral

To learn about NATURAL indicators Learning Intention To learn about NATURAL indicators

Natural Indicators Natural products (e.g. flowers, vegetables and fruits) often change colour to reflect the pH of their environment.

Red Cabbage Indicator Red cabbage can be used to tell if a substance is Acid, Alkali or Neutral Red cabbage is a NATURAL INDICATOR

Experiment Apparatus Instructions Goggles on! Bunsen burner Tripod stand Heat proof mat Beaker Red cabbage Instructions Goggles on! Set up a Bunsen burner and tripod stand on a heatproof mat. Measure approximately 50 cm3 of water into a beaker. Add the red cabbage to the water and boil for 5 minutes. Turn off the Bunsen burner and allow to cool for a few minutes.

Copy Red cabbage can be used as an INDICATOR to find out if a solution is Acid, Alkali or Neutral. Red cabbage

Experiment Apparatus Instructions Goggles on! Place 3 test tubes in a test tube rack. Half fill each test tube with the cooled solution. Add a few drops of hydrochloric acid to the first test tube Add a few drops of pure water to the second test tube Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide to the third test tube Note the colour changes in your table Apparatus Goggles 3x test tubes Test tube rack Hydrochloric acid Water Sodium Hydroxide

Task Make a guide on how to make a red cabbage indicator for someone else to follow Your guide should include a list of all the apparatus you used, a clear set of instructions and labelled diagrams of how to set the experiment up

Lesson Starter- answer What numbers represent: a) Acids b) Alkali c) Neutral on the pH scale? What colour would a) Acids b) Alkali c) Neutral be when tested with universal indicator? What colour was a) Acids b) Alkali c) Neutral with the red cabbage indicator?

Learning Intention To produce pH indicators from natural products To use the indicators produced to test solutions

Natural Indicators Household products used as pH indicators Some respond to acids, some alkali, some neutral Some change over the pH scale

Experiment Apparatus Instructions Goggles on! Bunsen burner Tripod stand Heat proof mat Beaker Substance to test Instructions Goggles on! Set up a Bunsen burner and tripod stand on a heatproof mat. Measure approximately 50 cm3 of water into a beaker. Add the red cabbage to the water and boil for 5 minutes. Turn off the Bunsen burner and allow to cool for a few minutes.

Natural Indicators (copy) There are many common household products, plants, vegetables and fruits that can be used as pH indicators. Some of these natural indicators change colour in response to acids, others change colour in response to alkalis while others change colour to neutral solutions. Some even change over the pH range (like universal indicator).

Copy and Complete

Experiment Apparatus Instructions Goggles on! Place 3 test tubes in a test tube rack. Half fill each test tube with the cooled solution. Add a few drops of hydrochloric acid to the first test tube Add a few drops of pure water to the second test tube Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide to the third test tube Note the colour changes in your table Apparatus Goggles 3x test tubes Test tube rack Hydrochloric acid Water Sodium Hydroxide

Discuss

Write down 3 things you have learned so far in this topic Lesson Starter Write down 3 things you have learned so far in this topic

Learning Intention To find out what happens to the pH of an acid and alkali as it is diluted

Creating a rainbow Work in a group of 4 Place 7 test tubes in a test tube rack. Add 10 cm3 hydrochloric acid/ sodium hydroxide into the first test tube. Using a measuring cylinder, measure 9 cm3 of distilled water into the 6 empty test tubes. Using a pipette, take 1 cm3 from the first test tube, add it into the second test tube and swirl the test tube to mix the solution.

Using the same pipette, take 1cm3 from the second test tube, add it into the third test tube and swirl the test tube to mix the solution. Repeat this procedure for the remaining test tubes. Repeat with the alkali Using a dropper, add 5 drops of universal indicator into each test tube.

Serial Dilution (copy) Diluting an acid by adding more water increases the pH of the solution towards 7. Diluting an alkali by adding more water decreases the pH of the solution towards 7.

Watch Acids and alkali 2- video

Lesson Starter Tell me what is on the board – pH scale What is the purpose of the pH scale? – To tell us how strong or weak an acid/alkali is What do we use in order to see these colours?- indicator What do the different colours tell us? Example Household examples

Learning Intention To learn about neutralisation and how we can use it to prevent the damage of acids/alkalis

Experiment: challenge 20 minutes to create a test tube rainbow We know that different acids and alkalis have different pHs and so would create different colours but your challenge is to create the rainbow using just one acid and one alkalki Best rainbow gets a prize

Experiment: Challenge Apparatus Test tube rack 5 test tubes Acid Alkali Universal indicator pH scale Instructions Place 2 fingers of water in each test tube Place 5 drops of universal indicator in each test tube The rest is for you to work out! I’ve given a few instructions to start off, the rest you will need to work out! Don’t forget you are using harmful substances so will need to be wearing goggles. Start the countdown and after the time is up get all the teams to bring their rainbows to the front with their name on it for judging. Award the points and tidy up the experiment.

Neutralisation Add Alkali Add Acid Acids Alkalis

How could you stop the pain? Bee sting- pH 3 Wasp sting- pH 9

Lesson Starter Explain what happens to the colour and pH of an acid if alkali is added Describing neutralisation reactions Everyday neutralisations

Learning Intention To learn about neutralising acids by carrying out an ACCURATE neutralisation reaction.

Recap

Experiment Pour acid into a beaker and use syringe to measure 5 mls of acid- add to boiling tube Add a couple of drops of universal indicator to the boiling tube Pour alkali into beaker and use second syringe to measure 5 mls SLOWLY add 1 drop of alkali to boiling tube and swirl- note colour of solution Repeat until colour of solution in boiling tube is green Apparatus Goggles Boiling tube Test tube rack Acid Alkali Two 10 ml syringes Universal indicator 2 x 100ml beakers

Experiment: part 2 Pour some of your neutralised solution into the evaporating basin Evaporate the liquid by heating the solution using the Bunsen burner Observe what happens/forms Apparatus Goggles Neutral solution Evaporating basin Tripod stand Heat proof mat Bunsen burner

Neutralisation (copy) A neutralisation reaction is a reaction in which an acid, or an alkali is cancelled out. The reaction always produces water (a neutral substance) and a salt.

Textbook Read page 87 in starting science 2 and answer questions 1-3 in your jotter

Lesson Starter (True or False) All acids and alkalis are harmful The more concentrated an acid is, the closer to 0 it will appear on the pH scale Corrosive alkalis are close to 7 on the pH scale Lemon juice, coke and vinegar are all examples of household acids Brushing our teeth is an example of a neutralisation reaction During neutralisation, the pH of a solution always gets higher

Place 3 test tubes in test tube rack Apparatus 3x test tubes Test tube rack Limestone chips Concentrated acid rain Dilute acid rain Normal rain water Balance Stop clock Instructions Place 3 test tubes in test tube rack Weight out 2 grams of limestone and add to each test tube Add 10 cm3 of “Concentrated Acid Rain” into the first test tube. Add 10 cm3 of “Dilute Acid Rain” into the second test tube. Add 10 cm3 of “Pure Rainwater” into the third test tube. Start the stopwatch and time for 5 minutes. Carefully empty the first test tube into the sieve and rinse the chips thoroughly under tap water Weigh the chips and note any differences in your table Repeat for test tube 2 and 3 Goggles on at all times Man your own experiment- don’t wander Keep noise level down Wash hands if any spills Be careful with glassware No carry on!!

Acid Rain Experiment (copy) Type of rain water Weight of chips before (g) Weight of chips after (g) Normal Rain Dilute Acid Rain Concentrated Acid Rain

Experiment: Effect of Acid Rain on Limestone Answer the following questions in your jotter. What effect did “Concentrated Acid Rain” have on limestone? What effect did “Dilute Acid Rain” have on limestone? What effect did “Pure Rainwater” have on limestone?

Acid Rain (copy) Acid rain causes several problems. It causes building made of limestone (and some other sedimentary rocks) to slowly dissolve. It can cause iron and steel to corrode, weakening bridges. When it gets in to rivers and lakes, it poisons aquatic life. It also poisons plants and trees when it gets into soil.

Acid Rain Project In small groups, you are going to carry out an investigation into acid rain. During this investigation, you will attempt to (copy these 3 points into your jotter): Identify what activities produce the greatest volume of acid rain causing gases. Identify ways to reduce acid rain formation. Identify ways of reducing and treating the damage caused by acid rain.

News paper article Produce an INFORMATIVE newspaper article which details: What activities produce the greatest volume of acid rain causing gases. Ways to reduce acid rain formation. Ways of reducing and treating the damage caused by acid rain. Include diagrams and bold headlines. Make your article as eye catching as possible!

Learning Intention To learn how acid rain is formed To find out the effect of acid rain https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyEr17yFX-Y

Activities that cause acid rain sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are released into the atmosphere. These chemical gases react with water, oxygen, and other substances to form mild solutions of sulfuric and nitric acid. Winds may spread these acidic solutions across the atmosphere and over hundreds of miles. When acid rain reaches Earth, it flows across the surface in runoff water, enters water systems, and sinks into the soil.

Acid Rain (copy) Acid rain is caused by waste gases (e.g. sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxides) being released from cars and industrial processes. These waste gases can rise into the atmosphere and dissolve in water to form acid rain.

Effects of Acid Rain

Effects of Acid Rain (copy) Acid rain flows into streams/lakes where it harms fish and other wildlife. Many trees are dying/dead as a result of the effects of acid rain. Buildings/ statues/ structures are corroding. The pollutants that cause acid rain, and their damage human health.

How do we reduce acid rain formation? Turn it off/unplug- fossil fuels Use appliances less- washing machine/dryer/dishwasher/tv Energy efficient devices Insulate homes/reduce thermostat Shop locally Plant a garden Drive conscientiously- use car less No plastic bags Alternative energy- solar panels/windmills

Treating acid rain damage Cleaning up Exhaust Pipes and Smokestacks Adding lime into acidic surface waters balances the acidity Adding calcium to soil can heal forests damaged by acid rain

Newspaper article DEADLINE:- 31ST OCTOBER Must include:- Catchy headline Diagram/s- colour Description of the effects of acid rain The activities that cause acid rain How we treat the damage caused by acid rain Ways we can reduce the formation of acid rain DEADLINE:- 31ST OCTOBER