The Roman Republic and Empire 700 B.C. – A.D. 180 Chapter 5 The Roman Republic and Empire 700 B.C. – A.D. 180

Section 1: The Roman Republic Early Rome Latins Early Romans similar to Greeks Etruscans Expand through Italy The Roman Republic 509 B.C. – formed a Republic Republic – a government in which supreme power belongs to the citizens, who elect leaders The Senate 300 member council Patricians - Consuls – ran the government and led the army The Plebeians – common people Elect tribunes The Twelve Tables – laws, mostly to protect common people By 287 B.C. plebeians and patricians had equal rights

Section 2: From Republic to Empire Roman Society The Army Women have a larger role Education Religion - Polytheism, similar to Greeks Section 2: From Republic to Empire The Punic Wars Carthage – Three wars with Carthage known as Punic Wars First Punic War 264-241 B.C. Rome wins and adds Sicily Second Punic War 218-202 B.C. Hannibal – Carthaginian general, invaded from the North Scipio and Hannibal collide at Battle of Zama – Rome wins Third Punic War 149-146 B.C. Rome wins and burns Carthage

Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean During Punic Wars, Rome also defeats Macedonia, Greece, and Asia Minor Decline of the Republic Farm Debts War destroys farms, surplus lowers prices on goods Unemployment Attempts at Reform Tiberius Gracchus – reforms to help the poor Gaius Gracchus – won rights for the middle class Slave Revolts Spartacus – 73 B.C.

Julius Caesar The End of the Republic The Age of Augustus Brought Gaul (France) and Britain under rule Caesar defeats Pompey in Civil War Popular reforms Assassinated on the Ides of March 44 B.C. by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius The End of the Republic Octavian and Mark Anthony (Cleopatra) fight for rule Octavian defeats Anthony in 31 B.C. Octavian takes the name Augustus The Age of Augustus Reforms in Army and Government Took complete control of the army Expanded citizenship Restored traditional values Rulers of Pax Romana Pax Romana – 27 B.C. to A.D. 180, years of peace and prosperity

Section 2: The Rise of the Roman Empire Octavian – known in history as Augustus The Age of Augustus Reforms in Army and Government Took complete control of the army Expanded citizenship Restored traditional values Rulers of Pax Romana Pax Romana – 27 B.C. to A.D. 180, years of peace and prosperity

Augustus’ Successors Successors: No law of succession Tiberius – problems in politics Caligula – incompetent and cruel Claudius – restored order, added Britain Nero – bloodthirsty and violent Vespasian – controlled army, defeated Judea uprising Nerva – set up adoptive system Trajan – Empire reaches greatest size Hadrian – protected rather than expand Marcus Aurelius – problems with Germanic peoples from the North, last of Pax Romana

Achievements of the Pax Romana During this time the empire achieved its greatest glory Order – overall good government Prosperity – new cities were built, old cities flourished Unity – 70 million people brought together under one empire

Section 3: Roman Society and Culture Class Divisions Rich and poor Poor had little political involvement Farmers made up majority of population Slavery was very common Popular entertainment Circus Maximus and Colosseum Chariot Racing and Gladiator fights

Family Life Education Religion Men ruled families Women obeyed fathers, husbands Arranged marriages, however, women can’t be forced Education Formal system of education for boys Reading, writing, arithmetic Stressed oratory development Religion Gods similar to the Greeks Jupiter, Mars, Juno Unconcerned with morality Sought the gods for answers Problems with religion paved the way for new religions

Greek Influence on Roman Culture History, Literature, Art Greco-Roman Culture Skilled in engineering, government, and law Literature Virgil – Aeneid livy – History of Rome Horace – wrote of wars Ovid – wrote of wealth, fashion, romance, and other pleasures Art and Architecture Artists focused on realism Architects built roads, bridges, aqueducts Science Ptolemy and Galen Roman Law – still influence seen in Italy, Spain, France, and Latin America Cicero Law of Nations Laws apply the same to all under the empire