BELLWORK: April 26th How did the Abyssinian Crisis impact Mussolini’s relationship with Hitler? Why did the League fail to respond to Mussolini’s invasion of Abyssinia? What could they have done differently? Make a prediction  How did the League’s failure to prevent Italian expansion impact Hitler’s foreign policy? THINKER: To what extent was the alliance between Mussolini and Hitler an alliance of equals? Explain! Give examples to back up your point!

Emperor Selassie inspecting troops prepared for the invasion Abyssinian Crisis: 1935-6 Emperor Selassie inspecting troops prepared for the invasion

Abyssinian Crisis: 1935-6

Abyssinian Crisis: 1935-6

Emperor Selassie’s Plea to the League – June 1936 “I ask the fifty-two nations, who have given the Ethiopian people a promise to help them in their resistance to the aggressor, what are they willing to do for Ethiopia? And the great Powers who have promised the guarantee of collective security to small States on whom weighs the threat that they may one day suffer the fate of Ethiopia, I ask what measures do you intend to take?”

Violations to the Covenant of the League of Nations Article X: Assistance will be given to any member nation that experiences external aggression. Article XV: Disputes will be settled through arbitration Article XVI: Should any member resort to war, it shall be deemed to have committed an act of war against all other Members of the League, which hereby undertake immediately the severance of all trade or financial relation (collective security) “What real assistance was given to Ethiopia by the fifty two nations who had declared the Rome Government guilty of a breach of the Covenant and had undertaken to prevent the triumph of the aggressor?” “Should it happen that a strong Government finds it may with impunity destroy a weak people, then the hour strikes for that weak people to appeal to the League of Nations to give its judgment in all freedom. God and history will remember your judgment.”

The Abyssinian Crisis - Review https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=op-dD3oUMh0 In your opinion, what could the League have done to prevent this crisis?

REVIEW: What factors allowed Hitler to become a dictator? (2.2) Ideological factors (beliefs of Nazi party) Economic factors (impact of G.D.) Political factors (Elections & laws) Popular support (reasons why)

Nazi Party Election Results Date Votes % Reichstag Seats Background May 1924 1,918,300 6.5 32 Hitler in prison Sept 1930 6,409,600 18.3 107 After the financial crisis July 1932 13,745,800 37.4 230 After Hitler was candidate for presidency March 1933 17,277,000 43.9 288 During Hitler's term as Chancellor

Why did Hindenburg appoint Hitler as chancellor?

Hindenburg’s Funeral

Hitler’s Violation of the Treaty of Versailles As you know, Hitler embraced the nationalist view that the Treaty of Versailles was a diktat forced on Germany at the end of the war and signed by the “November Criminals” – the new government of the Weimar Republic. In your opinion, what aspects of the Treaty of Versailles were most problematic for Hitler? Why? After Hitler consolidated his power, he aimed to accomplish his first goal – violating the Treaty of Versailles! For homework tonight, read pages 155-163.

BELLWORK: April 27th One of Hitler’s main goals as leader of Germany was to overturn the Treaty of Versailles. The response of Britain and France in the early 1930’s was key to Hitler’s achievement of this objective. Summarize how the international situation post-1933 worked in Hitler’s advantage. (156) List three specific problems Hitler had with the Treaty of Versailles. How will he solve those problems? Explain!

Challenges to the Treaty of Versailles (1933-1936) German Expansion Challenges to the Treaty of Versailles (1933-1936)

TofV problem #1 - Disarmament Difficult to implement international policy – no consensus on “how?” (Brit vs. France) Countries unwilling to decrease weapons because of: Threat of Nazism and Expansion Invasion of Manchuria Great Depression Germany demanded total equality of armaments but France said NON!

Hitler’s Solution to disarmament? When France refused German weapon parity in 1933, Hitler withdrew from the Washington Disarmament Conference and the League of Nations They were a French conspiracy to keep Germany weak! Germans felt he “stood up to the victors” and his approval was polled at 95% Now he had the freedom needed to attack the rest of the TofV! Rearmament was “most pressing priority” Increased army divisions, introduced conscription, revealed existence of Luftwaffe, expanded naval production

Hitler’s Solution Read the two sources on page 158 regarding Germany and disarmament What tactics/ justifications are used to discredit disarmament?

Hermann Goring: Key Nazi minister, fighter pilot in WWI, head of Luftwaffe

TofV problem #2 – Rhineland Demilitarized Rhineland provided security for France For Hitler, re-militarization was important to increase strength, prevent French encirclement, and distract from economic problems

Hitler’s Solution to the Rhineland? Mussolini took Abyssinia (ended ties with Br/Fr and forced closer relations with Germany) Franco-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty (France attempted to encircle Germany and keep it weak) Clear opportunity, but Hitler’s generals worried it would provoke international response Hitler: “If the French had marched into the Rhineland, we would have had to withdraw with our tails between our legs.” German troops sent to the Rhineland March 7, 1936

What is the message of this photograph? (pg.163)

TofV problem #3 – Polish borders Treaty took Eastern German territory and gave it to Poland (era of “self-determination”) Poland needed sea access (divided Germany-East Prussia) LofN occupied port of Danzig (both Poland and Germany used)

Hitler’s Solution to Polish borders? Solution #1) Peace! Non-Aggression Pact with Poland = 10yrs Hitler couldn’t take military action at that point Weakened France’s security and attempt to “encircle” Germany Made Hitler appear peaceful “All our agreements with Poland have a temporary significance” (1934) Solution #2) Violence! Hitler demanded Danzig’s return & direct access to East Prussia  Polish government refused Britain and France promise to protect Poland (pg. 181) Hitler saw this as aggressive  broke Non-Aggression Pact with Poland and Anglo-German Naval Agreement  created Pact of Steel with Italy Hitler invaded Poland in September 1939 = WWII!

Other problems with the Treaty of Versailles Reparations German reparation payments cancelled in 1932 Relationship with Austria Post 1934 – Mussolini did not approve; Hitler needed his support = waiting game…for now…. Post 1937 – Hitler takes more foreign policy risks because of military leadership changes, the Hossbach Conference and Italy’s changing view on Anschluss Eventually, Hitler annexes Austria in 1938

HOMEWORK: due Friday! Read pages 164-169 Do NOT forget to annotate sources! Also, bring your guide to EA1 tomorrow! Be prepared for another mock outline!

April 28, 2017: EA1 practice - Hitler’s Remilitarization of the Rhineland As you know, this unit is the basis of EA 1. For continued practice, you will now complete a mock EA1 activity. Use the four sources on pages 168-169 and the questions on page 169. Respond to the questions in the boxes that follow (Or on the back if needed) You do NOT need to write in complete sentences – bullet points are fine. Be specific – use examples! No vague generalizations! Remember the requirements of EA1 – how many points are the questions worth? What should be addressed in your responses? What is the question asking? I will grade this on accuracy – NOT completion! Make it count! Use this as good practice – you will complete a formal EA1 as part of your final exam in history. Once you finish this in class, you may spend the rest of the period working on your homework due Monday  read/annotate pages 170-178

First question, part a – 3 marks

First question, part b – 2 marks

Second question – 4 marks

Third question – 6 marks VALUE LIMITATIONS

Fourth question – 9 marks Source A: Source B: Source C: Source D: Own Knowledge:

BELLWORK: 5/1 How did Hitler use the Saar Plebiscite to show his growing power? Compare and contrast the importance of involvement in the Spanish Civil War for the foreign policies of Hitler and Mussolini. What did the Hossbach Memorandum declare? How did it impact Hitler’s foreign policy? List three steps/tactics/strategies used by Hitler to accomplish Anschluss. Why did Hitler want to takeover Sudetenland? Why did Hitler and Stalin agree to the Nazi-Soviet Pact?

Saar Plebiscite How did Hitler use the Saar Plebiscite to show his growing power? http://www.britishpathe.com/video/hitler-acclaimed-in-saar-news-in-a-nutshell

Partner Discussion By the end of 1935, Hitler had several successes due to: Tactical Skill Luck Distractions and differences of other powers Which examples from the early 1930’s supports these factors? Which do you consider to be the most significant in explaining Hitler’s successes?

Spanish Civil War Why did Hitler intervene? Results? Compare and contrast the importance of involvement in the Spanish Civil War for the foreign policies of Hitler and Mussolini. Why did Hitler intervene? Friendly government in Spain = resources/ports Test air force Undermine French security Posed as defender against Communism Results? Britain’s failure to respond led him to believe he would not face opposition

Partner Discussion To what extent had Hitler succeeded in removing the most important restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles by the end of 1936?

Hossbach Memorandum (Nov.1937) What did the Hossbach Memorandum declare? How did it impact Hitler’s foreign policy? Need to achieve Anschluss with Austria Need to destroy Czechoslovakia Blueprint for Lebensraum Critics were removed from power Later used at Nuremburg Trials Hitler’s central goal  “to make secure and to preserve the racial community and enlarge it”

Foreign Policy post-1937 Following the shake-up of his military command in 1937 after the Hossbach Conference, Hitler was in a position to start taking more risks in his foreign policy – first the takeover of Austria, then the Sudetenland. Lebensraum!!! List three steps/tactics/strategies used by Hitler to accomplish Anschluss.

Anschluss, 1938 1934: Failed attempt to take Austria (Mussolini intervened) 1936: Austro-German Agreement Germany reaffirmed Austria’s independence & both agreed not to interfere in internal affairs In secret, prominent Austrian Nazis were given a role in the government 1938: Austrian Chancellor alarmed by activities of Nazis – calls meeting with Hitler (171) Chancellor forced to agree to demands that ended Austrian independence  desperate last action – plebiscite?? Mussolini supported Hitler; Fr&Br refused to send aide to Austria. Hitler responded by sending troops into Austria (March 1938)

Impact of Anschluss Improved Germany’s strategic position (Vienna was launching point to Czech, Hungary, Yugo, etc.) Changed international alliances (Germany and Italy closer; Europe further divided) Consolidated Hitler’s position in Germany (expansion of the Third Reich) Showed success of Hitler’s tactics (threats, intimidation, power plays, fear)

Partner Discussion According to the commentary, what made it hard for anyone (inside or outside of Austria) to oppose this move? http://www.britishpathe.com/video/hitler-annexes-austria

The Sudeten Crisis The Sudetenland – a mountainous and resource-rich region was given to Czechoslovakia in the Treaty of Versailles. The Czechs had a strong arms industry and well-organized military. Why did Hitler want to takeover Czechoslovakia? So how did Hitler take it over? (175)

German population in Czechoslovakia

Hitler’s justifications in Sudetenland Review the source on page 176  How does Hitler justify the takeover? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hprV2nQRvbc According to this propaganda film, how are the Sudeten Germans being prosecuted?

Hitler’s Takeover of Sudetenland How did Britain respond after Hitler took over the Sudetenland? Britain wanted to avoid war so met with Hitler three times Hitler made several demands that Czechoslovakia refused, so Mussolini arbitrated the Munich Conference (Sept. 1938) and they agreed to: German occupation of the Sudetenland Teschen given to Poland South Slovakia given to Hungary Germany guaranteed independence of the rest of Czech. Diplomatic success celebrated throughout Europe!

The Czechs were told if they resisted this agreement, they would receive no help from Britain or France (even though they were promised this at Locarno)

Hitler’s Takeover of Czechoslovakia As a result of the Munich Conference, Czechoslovakia lost 70% of its industry, 1/3 of its population and the defenses/fortifications of Western regions. Hitler encouraged disruption/protest internally On October 21, 1938 Hitler gave orders for the “liquidation of the remainder of the Czech state.” Caused a change in British policy towards Germany  “no reliance could be placed on any of the assurances given by Nazi leaders.”

Why did Hitler and Stalin agree to the Nazi-Soviet Pact? Benefit for Germany Benefit for USSR Would prevent the USSR from aligning with Britain and France Secure Soviet neutrality for Hitler’s planned invasion of Poland Avoid a two-front war Planned to divide Northern and Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence Would keep USSR out of war Bigger threat was Japan Army was weakened by purges Got considerable gains from the pact – ½ of Poland! Could keep trading industrial goods with Germany

TofV problem #3 – Polish borders Treaty took Eastern German territory and gave it to Poland (era of “self-determination”) Poland needed sea access (divided Germany-East Prussia) LofN occupied port of Danzig (both Poland and Germany used)

Invasion of Poland Why did Hitler invade Poland? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQL2D3uBvSI

Hitler’s Solution to Polish borders? Solution #1) Peace! Non-Aggression Pact with Poland = 10yrs Hitler couldn’t take military action at that point Weakened France’s security and attempt to “encircle” Germany Made Hitler appear peaceful “All our agreements with Poland have a temporary significance” (1934) Solution #2) Violence! Hitler demanded Danzig’s return & direct access to East Prussia  Polish government refused Britain and France promise to protect Poland Hitler saw this as aggressive  broke Non-Aggression Pact with Poland and Anglo-German Naval Agreement  created Pact of Steel with Italy

Start of WWII On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Used blitzkrieg: “lightening war” – attack combining air and land forces. Great Britain and France promised to defend Poland so they declared war on Germany.

In April 1940, Hitler used his powerful fighting tactics to capture Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

Finish your orange worksheet!

The International Response to German & Italian Aggression To learn about how the international community responded to Mussolini and Hitler’s actions, you are going to work with a partner to complete a graphic organizer. Partner 1  Read chapter 2.6 and complete the column “International Response to Italian Aggression” Partner 2  Read chapter 2.7 and complete the column “International Response to German Aggression.” You will meet with your partner and teach them about your topic on Monday! So make sure its completed by then!