Title and abstract A Woman’s Place is in the House, the Senate, and the Boardroom: Do Women make a difference in positions of power? Ruth Ediger, Associate Professor of Political Science Denise Daniels, Professor of Management, Associate Dean SBGE Did you ever wonder if it made a difference to have a woman in power? Couldn’t a competent man do just as well? And what challenges might women in power face that men don’t? This session explores these questions focusing on power positions in government and business.

Does it make a difference to have a woman in power? Woman’s Place is in the House, the Senate, and the Boardroom: Do Women make a difference in positions of power? What challenges do women in power face that men don’t? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress#mediaviewer/File:United_States_Capitol_west_front_edit2.jpg http://business-ethics.com/2011/08/03/women-in-the-boardroon-should-the-us-have-quotas/

Women Hold Up Half The Sky Who holds up the other half? Women Hold Up Half The Sky http://globalprosperity.wordpress.com/2011/04/13/chasing-the-spirit-of-female-entrepreneurs/

Implicit Leadership: An Exercise In small groups come up with 5-10 characteristics, traits, or behaviors that you associate with someone who is a LEADER. Write these on the board. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress#mediaviewer/File:United_States_Capitol_west_front_edit2.jpg http://business-ethics.com/2011/08/03/women-in-the-boardroon-should-the-us-have-quotas/

Now write on the board approximately 5-10 characteristics, traits, or behaviors that are typically associated with WOMEN And write on the board approximately 5-10 characteristics, traits, or behaviors that are typically associated with MEN

Does it make a difference to have a woman in power? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Rodham_Clinton Hillary Rodham Clinton US Secretary of State for President Barak Obama Does it make a difference to have a woman in power? Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany 2005-present http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel Political Power Condoleezza Rice US Secretary of State for President George W. Bush http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condaleeza_Rice

Women lawmakers are more likely than their male counterparts to oppose: overturning Roe versus Wade government-funded school vouchers the death penalty a constitutional amendment to permit prayer in public schools Eagleton Institute of Politics: Center for American Women and Politics http://www.capwip.org/readingroom/cawp-womenstateleg.pdf http://blog.reidreport.com/2011/05/3-months-49-states-919-anti-abortion-laws/ Gender Differences?

Eagleton Institute of Politics: Center for American Women and Politics http://www.capwip.org/readingroom/cawp-womenstateleg.pdf zazzle.com Women legislators are more likely than men to favor: Liberal or moderate positions on a variety of issues harsher penalties for hate crimes legally recognized civil unions for gay and lesbian couples laws permitting minors to obtain legal abortions without parental consent Gender Differences? Women legislators of both parties are more likely than male legislators of either party to work on legislation specifically intended to benefit women.

Does it make a difference to have a woman in power? Mary Barra CEO General Motors http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2013/12/10/gm-new-ceo/3950057/ Marissa Mayer CEO of Yahoo Business and Economic Power http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1305981-fantasy-sports-4-ways-new-yahoo-ceo-marissa-mayer-will-change-fantasy Janet Yellen 15th Chair of the US Federal Reserve http://nypost.com/2013/12/19/senate-may-vote-on-yellen-in-rare-saturday-session/

Companies that have at least one woman on the board of directors outperformed those that had no women at all by 26%. Chart from Business Insider article “Companies With Women On The Board Crush Companies That Are Only Men” by Elena Holodny published September 24, 2014, accessed September 9, 2014 http://www.businessinsider.com/stocks-with-female-directors-outperform-2014-9

Women Matter on Company Boards of Directors

Women Matter at the Executive Level

Have you seen women face gender specific challenges or have you personally faced such challenges in your experience? http://ciesydney.com/5-challenges-women-entrepreneurs-face-and-how-to-overcome-them/

What challenges do women in power face that men don’t? Political Power What challenges do women in power face that men don’t? Socio-economic factors – Women are more likely than men to… Be illiterate Not have access to adequate health care Be living in poverty Not have an independent source of income giving them access to the resources to run for office Not have careers (like lawyers) that would help them develop the skills and connections needed to get into office http://webpages.scu.edu/ftp/jronen/WhatisSweatshopLabor.htm

What challenges do women in power face that men don’t? Political Power What challenges do women in power face that men don’t? Structural Institutional factors: Proportional representation (often choosing from party lists) Quotas (Absence of the previous factors and increased funding for women candidates still leaves the US with about 18.5% of women in Congress for the 113th Congress) http://feministing.com/2012/02/29/maine-senator-olympia-snowe-wont-seek-reelection/

What challenges do women in power face that men don’t? Business and Economic Power Women are less likely than men to… Emerge as leaders Negotiate their starting salary Be rated as “effective” Make as much money Women make less than men – even when controlling for job, industry, tenure, etc. Invest in social capital Women participate in less workplace networking and socializing than men http://www.centuryproductsllc.com/dirty-money-and-how-to-avoid-getting-sick/

What challenges do women in power face that men don’t? Business and Economic Power Women face different challenges than men: Family Demands Men with children are more successful than men without Women with children are less successful than women without “Double Bind” problem When I act nice, people don’t think of me as a leader When I act tough, I’m not ladylike http://www.bethanyalliancechurch.com/ministries/small-groups/family-home-group/

In your groups answer the following and write the answers on the board. 1. What can governments and/or organizations do differently to cultivate talents of both men and women? 2. What can you as an individual do to ensure that your talents as well as the talents of those around you are used fully? Credit: stuart/iStock http://www.ircsearchpartners.com/news--contacts/irc-blog/looking-for-solutions.html

What Can Organizations Do Differently? Hiring and Promotion Use open recruitment tools rather than informal networks/referrals Need critical mass of women (not just 1-2 tokens) in executive positions Avoid sole woman as team member Recognize & address perceptual biases Performance Appraisal Process Reduce subjectivity of performance appraisals Don’t use long hours and “face time” as proxies for performance Recognize and address perceptual biases

What Can Organizations Do Differently? (Continued) Leadership Development Help women develop social capital Put women into more demanding roles, job assignments (e.g., line rather than support) Human Resource Practices Provide family friendly benefits Don’t penalize people for utilizing family friendly benefits Welcome women back after they’ve taken time off for family Encourage male participation in family friendly benefits

What Can Individuals Do Differently? Demonstrate Competence (Agency) Seek challenging opportunities Take credit for accomplishments Demonstrate Communal traits Solicit participation from others Express warmth to others Negotiate effectively Know your worth Build Social Capital Participate in networks with men and women Find a mentor

Does it make a difference to have a woman in power? Woman’s Place is in the House, the Senate, and the Boardroom: Do Women make a difference in positions of power? What challenges do women in power face that men don’t? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress#mediaviewer/File:United_States_Capitol_west_front_edit2.jpg http://business-ethics.com/2011/08/03/women-in-the-boardroon-should-the-us-have-quotas/