AP World History Unit 3 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.

Existing Trade Routes Silk Roads Mediterranean Sea Trans-Saharan Trade Routes Indian Ocean Basin

New American Trade Networks Mississippi River Valley Mesoamerica Andes Mountains

New Trading Cities*** Novgorod Timbuktu Swahili city-states Hangzhou Calicut Baghdad Melaka Venice Tenochtitlan Cahokia

Luxury goods**** Trade encouraged by new technology, monetary systems Silk Cotton Porcelain Spices Metals/gems Slaves Exotic animals

New monetary systems Bills of exchange Credit Checks Banking Houses

State economic practices*** Inca road system Hanseatic League Grand Canal (China) Minting coins Paper money

Afro-Eurasian Trade Facilitated by expansion of empires China Byzantine Empire Caliphates Mongols New peoples drawn into conquerors’ economies

Environmental Adaptations, Effects Scandinavian Vikings Long ships on open waters, rivers Arabs, Berbers Camels across the Sahara Desert Central Asian Pastoralists Horses across the steppes Bantu migrations Spread iron, agriculture across Sub-Saharan Africa Polynesians Transplanted crops, animals to new islands

Diffusion of Language Bantu Turkic Arabic

Islam Based on revelations of Muhammad Developed on Arabian Peninsula in early 600s Monotheistic beliefs, practices, reflected interactions among Arabs and: Jews Christians Zoroastrians

Spread of Islam Military expansion brought Islam to areas of Afro-Eurasia Later expanded via Merchants (sub-Saharan Africa) Missionaries (South Asia)

Diasporic communities Introduced culture to indigenous people Muslim merchants – Indian Ocean Chinese merchants – Southeast Asia Sogdian merchants – Central Asia Jewish Communities Mediterranean Indian Ocean Silk Roads

Travel writing Showed extent, limitations of cultural knowledge Ibn Battuta Marco Polo Xuanzang

Diffusion of literary, artistic, cultural traditions Christianity in Europe Neoconfucianism, Buddhism in East Asia Hinduism, Buddhism in Southeast Asia Islam in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia Toltec/Mexica in Mesoamerica Inca in Andean America

Diffusion of scientific, technological innovation Greek, Indian mathematics on Islamic scholars Greek science, philosophy to western Europe Via Muslim al-Andalus in Iberia Printing, gunpowder from East Asia to Islamic empires, western Europe

Diffusion of crops, disease Bubonic plague spreads along trade routes Bananas in Africa New rice varieties in East Asia Cotton, sugar, citrus Mediterranean Dar Al-Islam

Reconstituted governments Byzantine Empire Chinese Dynasties Sui Tang Song

Traditional sources of power Patriarchy Religion Land-owning elites

Government innovations New methods of taxation Tributary systems Adaptation of religious institutions

New Governments Islamic states Abbasids Iberia Delhi Sultanate Mongol khanates City-states Italy East Africa Southeast Asia Americas Decentralized governments (feudalism) Europe Japan

Synthesized traditions Persian – Islamic states Chinese – Japanese states

American States Expanded in scope, reach Mayan network of city-states Imperial systems Mexica (Aztec) Inca

Interregional conflicts Encouraged technological, cultural transfers Tang China – Abbasids Paper making China – Japan, Korea Neoconfucianism Mongol empires Gunpowder Crusades Ming Admiral Zheng He

Agricultural innovations Chinampa field system Waru Waru techniques Improved terracing Horse collar

Demand for luxury goods Increased in Afro-Eurasia Textile, porcelain production China, Persia, India Industrial iron, steel China

Decline of urban areas (before 1000) Invasions Disease Decline of agriculture

Urban revival (after 1000) End of invasions Safe, reliable transportation Rise of Commerce Warmer temperatures (800-1300) Increased agricultural productivity Rising population Availability of labor

Changes in labor Free peasant agriculture Nomadic pastoralism Craft Production Guild Organization Coerced/Unfree labor Government labor taxes Military obligations

New forms of coerced labor Serfdom Europe, Japan Mit’-a Incan Empire Free peasants revolted against tax increases China, Byzantine Empire Demand for military, domestic slavery increased Central Eurasia, Africa, Eastern Mediterranean

Social structures Shaped by class, caste Patriarchy persisted Some power for women Mongols West Africa Southeast Asia

Gender relations Diffusion of religions led to changes in gender relations, family structure Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Neoconfucianism Men and women could seek divorce in some Muslim states Footbinding begins in Song China